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| Book cover | Autor | Title | Description |
| Bild | Autor | Leer | Beschreibung |
| Date | Event | Tribe | Chief |
| 1639 | Metacomet (also called King Philip), second son of the chief Massasoit. Born in Sowans, Rhode Island. Massasoit's first son was born in 1636 and was called Wamsutta.   | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Massasoit Philip Wamsutta |
| 1650 - 1659 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Philip signed a total of 14 deeds of ownership. He sold land to buy guns, powder and lead. Between 1665 and 1675, there were a total of 76 land sales. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Introduction to King Philip's War 1675-1676 The war was New England's greatest tragedy of the 17th century and is considered by many to be the most costly war in American colonial history. In just over a year, 12 New England towns were destroyed and many more damaged. The economy of the Plymouth and Rhode Island colonies was nearly ruined after the war, the population decimated, and a tenth of all able-bodied men died. More than half of New England's towns were attacked by Indians. King Philip (Metacomet) fought with the Wampanoag, Narragasett, Pokanoket, Nipmuck, Pocumtuck and Eastern Abenaki against the English, who were supported by the Pequot, Mohegan and Western Niantic. New England was increasingly settled. The first generation of settlers had an average of 8 children per family, who needed their own farms from the 1660s onwards. Land suitable for agriculture was scarce, with only around 20 % of the total area suitable for farming. King Philip (Metacom) and his people had already been forced back to the area around Mount Hope. Wherever Philip looked, all he saw around him were English villages. To the north the village of Wannamoisett, to the south in Rhode Island the flourishing towns of Portsmouth and Newport, to the west the hated Narragansett. Only in the east were the English not yet here, where the Pocasset lived under Chief Weetamoo. The beavers had almost been wiped out, the wampums had been heavily devalued and a lot of land had been sold to the English. The English were extremely hungry for land and the pressure on the Indians was increasing. One of the biggest points of contention was that the many English cattle kept escaping from the English farms and feasting on the Indians' corn. Of the approximately 70,000 people who lived in New England before the outbreak of the war, around 5,000 died, more than 2/3 of them Indians. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Narragansett Nipmuk Pocumtuc Eastern Abenaki (Abenaki) Pequot Mohegan Western Niantic | Philip | |
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| Overview of King Philip's War 1675-1676, source: Thomet Daniel 2018 (Mashantucket Pequot Museum, Connecticut). | |||
| 6 August 1662 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Massasoit's second son, Philip, became the new chief of the Pokanoket. And Philip was determined to avenge his brother's death. It was probably at this point that Philip began to develop a plan to drive out the English: He began selling land and buying guns and ammunition for it. And Philip began to look for allies among the Indians for a later war against the English. The new chief caused such a rush on Mount Hope that the magistrate of Plymouth felt compelled to summon Philip to Plymouth. The English feared that Philip had called a council of war. . Philip reaffirmed the Indians' good partnership with Plymouth and promised that his father Massasoit's 'old' covenant would remain unchanged. To the north of the Pokanoket lay the English settlement of Wannamoisett, to the south Rhode Island with the English towns of Portsmouth and Newport and to the west the hostile Narragansett. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| April 1664 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Philip sold land bordering the towns of Bridgewater, Taunton and Rehoboth (Massachusetts) for the record sum of 66 pounds. Philip had managed to wrest a reasonable price for the land from the English. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
1665  | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Philip traveled to Nantucket (Massachusetts). Philip wanted to personally punish a Wampanoag Indian named John Gibbs, who had dared to speak his deceased father's name, which was taboo among the Indians. Philip found Gibbs in the east of the island and wanted to have him executed. The English offered money for Gibbs' release and negotiations went back and forth. The English put all their eggs in one basket and threatened to kill Philip's group down to the last man if he did not accept the English offer and leave the island quickly. Philip then left the island with 11 pounds. Philip's behavior had consequences. Shortly after the start of King Philip's War in 1675, the Wampanoag on Nantucket refused to follow Philip. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| 1665 | Over the years, the Pokanoket were pushed further and further south and now lived in the Mount Hope area. Almost everywhere the Pokanoket were surrounded by Englishmen and hostile Indians. Only in the east did the Pocasset live under their female chief Weetamoo. | Pocasset (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Weetamoo Philip |
| 1665 - 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Philip signed 76 deeds of ownership with which he sold Pokanoket land to the English. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| Spring 1667 | Philip had a will drawn up after the birth of his son. Philip's interpreter John Sassamon drew up the will, but the contents did not reflect Philip's wishes, instead favoring John Sassamon as sole heir. When Philip discovered the fraud, Sassamon left Pokanoket and fled to his former mentor John Eliot, where he returned to work as a teacher and minister with the Praying Indians. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip John Sassamon |
| 4 June 1667 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Governor Thomas Prence in Plymouth learned through informants from Rehoboth that Philip was seeking an alliance with the French and Dutch. Major Josiah Winslow was again sent to Philip at Mount Hope. Winslow collected all the Indians' guns and brought Philip before the court in Plymouth. (son of the Niantic chief Ninigret, who had fought in the war against the Pequot in 1633) of giving false testimony. The court decided to continue to support Philip and to return the confiscated weapons to him. Nevertheless, Philip was fined 40 pounds to cover the costs of Winslow's activities. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Eastern Niantic (Niantic) | Philip Ninigret II |
| 10 April 1671 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Taunton Agreement 1671Philip met with Massachusetts representatives in the Taunton Prayer House in Massachusetts to discuss and settle their simmering differences. But here, too, they intimidated Philip so much that he gave in. Philip admitted the 'wickedness of his heart' and agreed to give up his warriors' weapons. Some Pokanoket chiefs and a Nipmuk chief left Taunton and Philip in a rage. John Sassamon was also present at the signing of the agreement. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Nipmuk | Philip Saussamon |
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| Philip signed the Treaty of Taunton in 1671. source: https://www.cardcow.com/469718/king-philip-signing-treaty-1671-taunton-massachusetts/. | |||
| 29 September 1671 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Treaty of Plymouth 1671At John Eliot's suggestion, Philip and his captains met with representatives of Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut and Plymouth in Plymouth on September 24, 1671. Up to this point, Philip had refused to sign a document confirming his loyalty to Plymouth. He was also ordered to surrender all his weapons. In Plymouth, Philip was forced to sign a treaty, pay a fine of 100 pounds and surrender all his guns to the Pokanoket. The treaty made him a subject of Plymouth and obliged him to pay an annual tribute in the form of five wolf's heads. This treaty amounted to an unconditional surrender. If Philip wanted to remain chief of the Pokanoket, he now had to go to war. It was probably at this point that Philip began to prepare for war. He needed a lot of money to buy new weapons. In order to get money, Philip began to sell land. His calculation: if he later attacked New England and recaptured his land, the land he had now sold would belong to him again. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| 1671 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - If Philip wanted to have a chance of winning the battle of the Indians against the English, he had to look for allies. In the east he could count on the Pocasset (Wampanoag) under the woman chief Weetamoo, in the northeast on the Nemasket (Wampanoag) under Chief Tuspaquin. Tuspaquin was a brother-in-law of Philip. The Nipmuk in the north were old and reliable allies, partly because Massasoit, Philip's father, had lived among the Nipmuk (also known as 'Quabaug'). It was not yet clear which side the Sakonnet under the women's chief Awashonk, who lived east of the Pokanoket, would be on. The Narragansett to the west of the Pokanoket were too large and too different from the Pokanoket to find common ground despite several attempts. . Philip could not count on the Nauset Indians on Cape Cod. Nor could he count on the Wampanoag Indians on Nantucket, since he had traveled there in 1665 to punish an Indian. Both tribes had increasingly turned to the Christian faith. The remnants of the Pequot Indians (after the Pequot War of 1633) and the Mohegan Indians under Uncas maintained close contact with the English. And the Eastern Niantic in the southwest on the border between Rhode Island and Connecticut under Chief Ninigret II were no friends of the Pokanoket. In 1671, these tribes lived in New England (Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island):Narraganset (4,000 warriors, approx. 20,000 people) Nipmuk (400 warriors, approx. 2,000 people) in the village of Menameset Nauset on Cape Cod (200 warriors, 1,000 people). Pokanoket (Wampanoag) - 250 warriors, 1200 people Pocasset (Wampanoag) - 100 warriors, 500 people Sakonnet (Wampanoag) - 300 warriors, 1500 people Wampanoag on Nantucket - 300 warriors, 1500 people Wampanoag in total - approx. 1000 warriors, approx. 5000 people . About 30,000 Indians lived in New England at the beginning of the war. The Indians in New England were opposed by around 80,000 Englishmen who lived in around 110 towns. Around 16,000 Englishmen were fit for military service. The Pokanoket under Chief Philip made up only about 5% of the total Native American population of New England. Philip could not count on the Massachusetts, who were close friends of Major Josiah Winslow. The Mohegan under Uncas and the surviving Pequot Indians also maintained close contacts with the English. The Nipmuk, on the other hand, were old and reliable friends. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Nipmuk Pocasset (Wampanoag) Nemasket (Wampanoag) Sakonnet (Wampanoag) Eastern Niantic (Niantic) Nauset (Wampanoag) Mohegan Narragansett Narragansett | Philip Matoonas Weetamoo Tuspaquin Awashonks Ninigret II Uncas Quinnapin Canonchet |
| 1671 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - King Philip's village of the Pokanoket (Wampanoag) was located on the east coast of the Mount Hope Peninsula in Mount Hope Bay, Rhode Island. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
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| View of Mount Hope. Source: Daniel Thomet 2018. | |||
| August 1672 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - After Philip and his warriors were disarmed in Plymouth in September 1671, he immediately made plans to procure weapons again. For this he needed a lot of money. Philip took out a mortgage on land on the River Taunton to pay off a debt of 83 pounds. Shortly afterwards, he sold a 10 km. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| 1673 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Philip had sold almost all the land in his sphere of influence to the English. He used the proceeds to buy rifles, ammunition and gunpowder. Ultimately, the sale of land did not matter to Philip. After winning the war, he calculated, he would get the land he had sold back. By 1673, Philip had succeeded in selling all the land around his domain. Philip did not sign the deeds himself. He always had the contracts signed by Annawon or Nimrod. His most important warriors were Annawon and Nimrod. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip Annawon Nimrod |
| Autumn 1674 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - The magistrate of Plymouth repealed a law prohibiting the sale of gunpowder and bullets to the Indians. The English were so greedy for money that they overlooked the fact that Philip needed the money to buy guns, powder and lead for the upcoming war. In their greed for money, the Pilgrims had not yet noticed that Philip was slowly but surely preparing for war. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| Middle of January 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - John Sassamon met the governor of Plymouth, Josiah Winslow, at his home in Marshfield and told him that Philip was preparing for war against the English. However, Winslow did not take this information seriously. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip Saussamon |
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| Replica of Josiah Winslow's house in Mashfield, Massachusetts. Source: Wikipedia. | |||
| 29 January 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - John Sassamon was found murdered in Assawompsett Pond near present-day Lakeville shortly after his meeting with Josiah Winslow on January 29, 1675. Now Winslow began to believe that the Pokanoket were up to something. . | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip Saussamon |
| 29 January 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - The murder of John Sassamon was probably witnessed by an Indian named Patuckson from a nearby hill. Patuckson reported that he had seen three Wampanoag Indians murder Sassamon and hide him under the ice. This lookout, now called King Philips Lookout, was an artificial mound built by the Indians and used as a burial site. In 1971, the mound was removed to make way for a housing estate. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip Saussamon |
| 8 June 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - A court in Plymouth found the three arrested Indians guilty, although according to English law at least two witnesses should have been present. It also turned out that the Indian Patuckson was in debt to one of the three accused Indians... Nevertheless, the three Indians were hanged in Plymouth. The trial was a farce. For Philip, it seemed as if he could now seize the opportunity offered to him by the English and lead his people triumphantly into war. Philip and his advisors were strictly against the war, but his warriors were now unstoppable and instigated the war. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| 20 June 1675 | Around 60,000 whites now lived in New England between Cap Cod and the Berkshires (Massachusetts), in the Connecticut Valley, in towns such as Boston, Plymouth, Taunton, New Port, Deerfield, New Haven and Springfield. The Indians were able to send about 5,000 warriors into the field against about 10,000 white infantrymen and horsemen. The Penacook, which consisted of 17 tribes, stayed out of the war with the exception of the Nashua and Wachuset. The first looting by the Indians took place at Kichemuit near Mount Hope. The only Abenaki who initially participated in the uprising were the Androscoggin, as well as some Sokoki and Penacook. Most of the Abenaki were neutral, but it appears that they supplied Philip with weapons, ammunition and food. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Narragansett Pocasset (Wampanoag) Narragansett Androscoggin (Abenaki) Nipmuk Penobscot (Abenaki) Pawtucket Penacook (Abenaki) Nashua Wachuset | Philip Canonchet Weetamoo |
| 20 June 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Probably on June 20, the Pokanoket attacked the small settlement of Kickemuit, which consisted of 18 houses and was located east of present-day Warren, about 4 miles north of Mount Hope, Massachusetts. The abandoned houses all burned down. Kickemuit was only a few miles north of the village of Philip. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| 23 June 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - A father left the Miles garrison in Swansea with his son and came across a group of Indians who were robbing houses. The boy shot at the Indians. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| 24 June 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - The Pokanoket under Philip attacked the village of Swansea in southeastern Massachusetts (in the Mount Hope area) for five days and killed at least ten settlers. This was the beginning of King Philip's War. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
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| Swansea, Massachusetts. Source: Thomet Daniel 2018 | |||
| 24 June 1675 | Pokanoket killed 9 settlers in Swansea 1675 - Pilgrims 1620-1676 - During the Pokanoket attack on the village of Swansea, John Salisbury and eight other settlers were killed in an ambush at Swazey Corner in Swansea. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| 25 June 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - The Pokanoket raided the small settlement of Mattapoisett, east of the present-day town of New Bedford. Eight Englishmen were abducted. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| 27 June 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - The small village of Taunton was attacked by Indians. Two houses were burnt down and John Tisdale was killed. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| 28 June 1675 | Attack on Indians near Miles Garrison 1675 - Pilgrims 1620-1676 - 12 cavalrymen and Benjamin Church crossed the bridge at Swansea. When the Indians opened fire, the scout William Hammond was fatally shot, Andrew Belcher in the knee and John Gill in the neck. The cavalrymen immediately turned their horses and rode back across the bridge to the garrison. Only Church looked after Belcher and Hammond, saving their lives. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| 29 June 1675 | Moseley attacked Indians near Miles Garrison 1675 - Pilgrims 1620-1676 - From Miles' garrison in Swansea, Captain Moseley stormed across the bridge with 12 privateers and attacked about 10 Indians who could be seen on the other side of the bridge, about 800 meters away. Without fear, Moseley's men rode towards the Indians and pursued them for about two kilometers until they disappeared into a swamp. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| 30 June 1675 | Attack on Kickemuit 1675 - Pilgrims 1620-1676 - The Swansea soldiers under Church and Moseley and the commander of Plymouth, James Cudworth, left the Miles garrison at midday and marched to Mount Hope to attack Philip's village. At Kickemuit, the soldiers came across the burning remains of the small village that had been attacked by the Pokanoket the day before. Five kilometers further south, the soldiers found the bodies of eight prisoners from the village of Mattapoisett. On June 25, the Wampanoag attacked Mattapoisett. The Indians stuck the heads, scalps and hands of the dead on stakes along the trail. After another three kilometers, the soldiers reached Philip's village. The Pokanoket fled their village in a hurry, leaving everything behind. The Pokanoket had taken their canoes across the sound to Pocasset. The soldiers began to tear up the corn that had been cultivated on an area of 400 hectares. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| 30 June 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Wampanoag warriors attacked the still unfortified village of Old Rehoboth. Houses were destroyed and inhabitants killed. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| 1 July 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Philip arrived in Pocasset in the village of Weetamoo. Weetamoo had no choice but to join Philip. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pocasset (Wampanoag) | Philip Weetamoo |
| Begin of July 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Philippe also met with the Sakonnet and received their support for the upcoming war. A few days later, the Pokanoket, Pocasset and Sakonnet fought together against the English under Church at the Battle of Erbsenfeld. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Sakonnet (Wampanoag) | Philip Awashonks |
| Begin of July 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Instead of pursuing Philip immediately, the commander of Plymouth, James Cudworth, decided that the soldiers under Church and Moseley should build a fort on the spot where Philip had his village. This was to prevent Philip from returning to his village. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pocasset (Wampanoag) | Philip Weetamoo |
| 8 July 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Under the pretense of making a treaty with the Narragansett, English troops from Massachusetts and Connecticut marched westward from Mount Hope into Narragansett territory. The real reason was that both Massachusetts and Connecticut were interested in acquiring land west of Rhode Island. Massachusetts and Connecticut wanted to back up this claim with a military presence. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Narragansett | Philip |
| 8 July 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Benjamin Church crossed from Plymouth to Pocasset with 36 men and was attacked at Punkatees Neck, near today's Fogland Peninsula, by 300 warriors from the Pokanoket, Pocasset and Sakonnet. However, he was able to hold his ground against the Indians for 6 hours without any casualties and retreated to Aquidneck Island. Church reported seven wounded. The battle ended happily for Church and his men because Captain Roger Goulding appeared at the right moment with a small sloop and Church's men were able to escape with the sloop. Had Goulding not shown up in time, Church's troops would probably have been completely annihilated. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pocasset (Wampanoag) Sakonnet (Wampanoag) | Philip Weetamoo Awashonks |
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| Depiction of the Battle of Peas Field on July 8, 1675. source: http://warfarehistorian.blogspot.com/2015/01/new-england-ablaze-king-philips-war.html. | |||
| 18 July 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - By July 17, most of the Massachusetts companies that had been transferred to the Narragansett area had returned to Mount Hope and crossed the bay to Pocasset in search of Philip. Mosely's soldiers had barely entered the swamp when five of them lay dead on the ground. The Indians abandoned their 100 newly built wigmams and retreated into the swamp. In this damp environment, the old matchlock rifles of the English were completely useless, unlike the more modern flintlock rifles of the Indians. The Englishmen roamed the swamps for hours. In the dark swamps, the English even shot at themselves. As night fell, the English retreated to firmer ground. Instead of pursuing the enemy, James Cudworth again ordered a fort to be built on the edge of the swamp. The soldiers stationed there under Captain Henchman were to guard the Pokanoket and Pocasset living in the swamp and prevent them from escaping. Cudworth had already ordered the construction of two forts at Mount Hope and Pocasset. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pocasset (Wampanoag) Sakonnet (Wampanoag) | Philip Weetamoo Awashonks |
| 29 July 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - It was probably around this time that Philip and Weetamoo managed to escape from the Pocasset swamps. Both marched with their warriors in a northwesterly direction to the Nipmuck, about 60 miles away. Probably at the end of July, Philip, Weetamoo, 250 warriors with women and children crossed the Taunton River east of the present-day village of Dighton. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pocasset (Wampanoag) | Philip Weetamoo |
| 30 July 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - In Taunton, Pokanoket and Pocasset were seen heading west. Messengers were sent to Rehoboth. In Rehoboth, 50 Mohegan under Uncas' son Oneco joined the English and took part in the pursuit of Philip and Wetamoo. | Mohegan Pocasset (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Oneco Weetamoo Philip |
| 31 July 1675 | Skirmish at Nipsachuck 1675 - Pilgrims 1620-1676 - In the area of present-day Smithfield (Rhode Island), the English and Mohegan under Captain Daniel Henchman had caught up with the Pokanoket and Pocasset. In the evening, five Pocasset encountered the English and Mohegan while hunting. A skirmish ensued which lasted until about 9 o'clock the next morning. Philip and Wetamoo had to retreat to a nearby swamp. They had already lost 23 warriors, including Nimrod. In addition, many warriors defected to the English. The English only suffered two casualties. Instead of attacking the Indians in the swamp, Henchman decided to wait until the next morning. But Philip and Wetamoo were able to escape from the swamp during the night and continued their march to the Nipmuk. | Mohegan Pocasset (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Oneco Weetamoo Philip |
| 1 August 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - No sooner had Philip and Wetamoo left the swamps near Smithfield than Wetamoo left Philip with about 200 women and children. She had decided to join the Narragansett. Philip moved on to the Nipmuk with about 40 warriors and 100 women and children. Philip had gone to war with 250 warriors. The Nipmuk welcomed Philip in the well-guarded village of Menamseset near present-day New Braintree (Massachusetts). | Pocasset (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Weetamoo Philip |
| 6 August 1676 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - In the Nipmuk village of Menimesit (near present-day New Braintree in Massachusetts), Philip met three important Nipmuk chiefs and was able to win their favor. The Pokanoket were defeated militarily and Philip had far too few warriors to continue the war that had now begun on his own. The Nipmuk and later the Narragansett were now to play the main role in the war. As a result, Philip won the favor of the tribes and their chiefs from Connecticut to Maine. This is how Philip sparked the war of 1675/1676. | Nipmuk Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Muttaump Philip |
| End of September 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Philip probably spent the summer and fall of 1675 with his perhaps 30 warriors on the border between Massachusetts and Vermont. No battle in which he participated is documented for the fall of 1675. The Nipmuk, the Abenaki in New Hampshire and the tribes in the Connecticut Valley did not seek the leadership of the Pokanoket chief, but waged the war on their own. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| End of December 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Philipe moved into the Hudson River valley and camped at Schaghticoke in the north-east of what is now New York State. He made contact with the French, who promised him rifles, gunpowder, ammunition and 300 Canadian Indians. In return, the French demanded that the Indians burn down mills, prayer houses and the best buildings. Philip and Annawon set up their winter camp here and waited for the French. By February 1676, several hundred Indians had joined him. He had thus created one of the largest armed forces in the region. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip Annawon |
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| Overview map of King Philip's War 1675 - 1676 Source: http://iron.lcc.gatech.edu/~ntrivedi6/blog/?tag=native-americans. | |||
| 14 February 1676 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Philip attacked the village of Northampton with the Pokanoket. Two men and two women were killed and five houses and five barns were burnt down. The soldiers present in the village were able to quickly drive back the Indians thanks to the 78 soldiers present under the command of Captain William Turner. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
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| Militiamen train in the use of matchlock rifles and muskets. Source: https://www.historynet.com/king-philips-war-and-a-fight-neither-side-wanted/. | |||
| 18 February 1676 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Sarah, the daughter of Mary Rowlandson, died eight days after being wounded in the village of Nemasket. The next day, the Indians buried Sarah on a hill near the village. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| Middle of February 1676 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - By February 1676, Philip was to be joined by several hundred Indians at Schaghticoke. He had thus assembled one of the largest forces in the region. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip Annawon |
| End of February 1676 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - 600 English cavalrymen were on their way to Menameset, the Nipmuk and Narragansett village in central Massachusetts. They broke camp and headed north with 2,000 men, women and children to meet with Philip and plan the spring offensive. A small number of the warriors moved south to 'occupy' the English army. In early March, they met Philip near the town of Northfield on the Connecticut River in northern Connecticut. | Nipmuk Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Annawon Philip |
| End of February 1676 | Mohawk attacked Philips Camp at Schaghticoke 1676 - Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Philip tried to use a ruse to get the Mohawk on his side and win them over for the fight against the English. Philip did not know at this time that the Iroquois and the English were about to conclude the Covenant Chain. Philip and his warriors deliberately killed some Mohawk warriors (probably near the Mohawk village at the confluence of the Hoosic River and Tomhannock Creek) and tried to blame this on the English. Unfortunately, a Mohawk escaped alive and reported the events. The Mohawk then attacked Philip's camp at Schaghticoke on March 1. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Mohawk (Iroquois) | Philip Annawon |
| 1 March 1676 | Mohawk attacked Philips Camp at Schaghticoke 1676 - Pilgrims 1620-1676 - The Mohawk attacked Philip's camp at Schaghticoke, the attack ended in a wild rout and buried Philip's ambitions and hopes for French support. About 40 of Philip's warriors were killed. As part of the 'Covenant Chain', the Iroquois (and thus also the Mohawk) formed an alliance with the English in New York. Possibly the governor had heard that Philip was to receive support from the French and had the Mohawk attack their old enemies, the Indians in New England. Philip had no choice but to flee back east to the Connecticut River. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Mohawk (Iroquois) | Philip Annawon |
| 9 March 1676 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Near Northfield (Northfield was called Squakeag until 1714), the Narragansett and Nipmuk met Philip and Annawon. Philip met Canonchet, the young sachem of the Narragansett, for the first time. The main topic of discussion between the two chieftains, however, was securing food supplies. Since the beginning of the war, the wandering Indians had not looked after their fields. It was agreed that Canonchet would march to Swansea with warriors and women to retrieve the hidden corn seed. The women were to take the seed to the Connecticut River valley, while the warriors were to attack villages in the Plymouth area. Rowlandson talked to Philip and was amazed at how kindly and respectfully Philip treated her. In the following weeks, she knitted a shirt and a hat for Philip's son and was even invited to dinner by him. | Narragansett Nipmuk Narragansett Pocasset (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Canonchet Quinnapin Weetamoo Annawon Philip |
| 15 April 1676 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - During the preparations for the attack on the village of Sudbury, more warriors arrived at Wachusett Mountain, along with Philip, Quinnapin, Weetamoo and Mary Rowlandson. On April 17, Rowlandson witnessed a war dance. | Nipmuk Narragansett Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pocasset (Wampanoag) | Sagamore Sam Quinnapin Philip Weetamoo |
| 15 April 1676 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Although the Indians won the battles, food became increasingly scarce. Even if they succeeded in planting large fields of maize, it could only be harvested in late summer. And in June, the earth pears (Apios americana) became inedible. The Indians had to ask the English for peace before the start of summer, otherwise they would slowly starve to death. | Nipmuk Narragansett Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pocasset (Wampanoag) | Sagamore Sam Quinnapin Philip Weetamoo |
| 21 April 1676 | The Pokanoket and Nipmuk attacked Sudbury. The fighting took place mainly west of the Sudbury River, where the population entrenched themselves in specially fortified houses. The houses and farms of the inhabitants were burned down. The eastern part of Sudbury was defended by 80 Sudbury militias. Together with militia from Watertown, the militia succeeded in pushing the Indians back into the district west of the Sudbury River. During the attack, soldiers from the Boston area under the command of Captain Samuel Wadsworth and about 20 soldiers from Marlborough under the command of Captain Samuel Brocklebank arrived. The advancing soldiers were ambushed by around 1,000 Indians, but were able to retreat to Green Hill and defend themselves until the Indians began to set fire. Almost all the soldiers were killed in the subsequent disorganized retreat. A total of 74 Englishmen lost their lives. In the late afternoon, the Indians retreated to their camp on Mount Wachusett near present-day Princetown. Mary Rowlandson, who had been captured, was also in this camp. She reported that the Indians did not celebrate their victory as usual. This was probably because the Indians were unable to achieve their strategic goals, such as obtaining food, guns and ammunition and driving the inhabitants out of their towns. English towns were only attacked four more times. The last attack took place on June 12, 1676 and, although successful, was to remain the Indians' last major success in the war. After Sudbury, the Indians concentrated more on obtaining food than on the war. The attack on Sudbury was probably an important turning point in the war. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Nipmuk | Philip Muttaump |
| Begin of May 1676 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - The Indians slowly ran out of food. Although they managed to plant large quantities of corn, it could only be harvested in late fall. The much-consumed earth pears became inedible. The great losses and victories of the Indians forced the English to ask for peace before the beginning of summer. Nevertheless, the Indians' negotiations with the English now took on a new urgency. | Narragansett Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Nipmuk Pocasset (Wampanoag) | Quinnapin Philip Sagamore Sam Weetamoo |
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| Earth pears: Source: https://www.plantura.garden/gemuese/erdbirne/erdbirne-pflanzenportrait. | |||
| 1 May 1676 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Once again, the Praying Indians Tom Doublet and Peter Conway came to Wachusett with an Englishman from Concord. The visitors had ransom money and food with them. Philip was against the release of the English prisoners and Sagamore Sam was in favor. As Mary Rowlandson belonged to Quinnapin, he had the last word. Quinnapin decided to release Mary Rowlandson if he received a pint (approx. 0.55 liters) of brandy in addition to the ransom of 20 pounds. | Narragansett Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Nipmuk Pocasset (Wampanoag) | Quinnapin Philip Sagamore Sam Weetamoo |
| 2 May 1676 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - The kidnapped Mary Rowlandson was released for a ransom of 20 pounds near the English town of Princeton in the US state of Massachusetts. The place where she was freed is now known as 'Redemption Rock'. Mary Rowlandson wrote a book about her captivity with the Indians in 1682. In the following months, the Rowlandsons' children were also released. The Rowlandsons spent the rest of the war with friends in Boston.  | Narragansett Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Nipmuk Pocasset (Wampanoag) | Quinnapin Philip Sagamore Sam Weetamoo |
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| Rock of salvation. Source: Thomet Daniel 2018. | |||
| Middle of June 1676 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Philip, Quinnapin and Weetamoo left the large camp of the Nipmuk, Narragansett, Pokanoket and Pocasset at Wasuchett Mountain. Philip moved south with Quinnapin (Narragansett) and Weetamoo (Pocasset) before the Nipmuk could use him as a trump card in negotiations with the English. Since the Mohawk were now his declared enemies, he could move neither west nor north, and the Mohegan were waiting for him in the south. So he had to return to Plymouth, where large supplies of corn were still hidden in underground depots. | Nipmuk Narragansett Pocasset (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Sagamore Sam Quinnapin Weetamoo Philip |
| 16 June 1676 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - About 1000 Pokanoket, Pocasset and Narragansett were on the warpath, attacking towns throughout Plymouth and Rhode Island with Tuspaquin, the black sachem of the Nemasket. They attacked Swansea and burned the city down to four garrisons. | Nemasket (Wampanoag) Narragansett Pocasset (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Tuspaquin Quinnapin Weetamoo Philip |
| 26 June 1676 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Pokanoket, Pocasset and Narragansett attacked Swansea again and killed Willet Hezekiah. Hezekiah was a longtime friend of Philip. | Nemasket (Wampanoag) Narragansett Pocasset (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Tuspaquin Quinnapin Weetamoo Philip |
| 11 July 1676 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Benjamin Church set out from Plymouth for Middleborough with about two dozen men, about half of whom were Sakonnet Indians, where Pokanoket and Narragansett had recently been seen. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Sakonnet (Wampanoag) Narragansett | Philip Awashonks |
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| Benjamin Kirche. Source: Wikipedia. | |||
| 12 July 1676 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - On July 12, Church's men took a group of Indians by surprise and Church captured them all. One of the Indians named Jeffrey told Church that there were a large number of Indians at Monponsett Pound. This Jeffrey stayed with Benjamin Church for the rest of his life. Church delivered the captured Indians to Plymouth. They were probably sold as slaves on a sugar cane plantation in the Caribbean. Church received half of the proceeds from the sale of the Indians into slavery and used them to pay his English soldiers. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Sakonnet (Wampanoag) Narragansett | Philip Awashonks |
| Middle of July 1676 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Church's men captured several dozen Indians at Monponsett Pond. This made Church the talk of the colony. And Church received further powers from Governor Winslow. Church was allowed to pardon the captured Indians if they helped to track down enemy Indians. All captured Indians were taken to Plymouth and sold as slaves to the Caribbean. Church routinely delivered more prisoners to Plymouth in late July than all the companies from Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay combined. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Sakonnet (Wampanoag) Narragansett | Philip Awashonks |
| 25 July 1676 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Like Church, Major John Bradford's men pursued Philip from his headquarters in Taunton, missing him several times by only a few minutes. But the morale of Bradford's men was a problem, with many deserting or finding an excuse to return home early. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Sakonnet (Wampanoag) Narragansett | Philip Awashonks |
| 30 July 1676 | The Pokanoket and Narragansett cross the Taunton River. A handful of Bridgewater militia men went to the east bank of the Taunton River to intercept the Indians they had spotted. They observed Indians placing a large tree across the Taunton River and crossing it. A militiaman shot and killed an older Indian. Another Indian fled into the nearby woods. The older Indian turned out to be Akkampoin. Philip's uncle was one of his most important advisors. They later learned that the other Indian was Philip himself. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip Akkompoin |
| 31 July 1676 | Militiamen from the village of Bridgewater shot ten Indians, 15 others threw away their loaded rifles and surrendered to the soldiers. For many Indians, there was no longer any reason to fight. Since the appearance of Benjamin Church's company at the beginning of July, the Indians were no longer safe even in the swamps, which had always offered them protection and security. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| 1 August 1676 | Church set off for Bridgewater early that morning with 18 men and 22 Indians and reached the spot where the Indians had crossed the Taunton River two days earlier. To Church's astonishment, they discovered Philip sitting on a tree stump. A Sakonnet recognized Philip and shot at him, but missed. Church and his men crossed the Taunton River and met a group of women and children on the other bank, including Philip's wife Woolonekanuske and his nine-year-old son. After a brief pursuit of the Narragansett Indians under Quinnapin, Church returned to the women and children. The Sakonnet continued their pursuit of the Narraganset. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Sakonnet (Wampanoag) Narragansett | Philip Quinnapin |
| 2 August 1676 | The Sakonnet returned to Church with thirteen captured Narragansett. Church sent the prisoners back to Bridgewater and continued the search for Philip with the Sakonnet. On the evening of August 2, they caught up with the Pokanoket in a wooded area. During the night, Church and his Sakonnet surrounded the Indians. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Sakonnet (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| 3 August 1676 | At dawn, Church's men and the Indians attacked the Pokanoket and Philip. The Pokanoket managed to escape into a nearby swamp (probably in the area of Monponsett Pond). The Indians broke out of the swamp again and some managed to escape, including Philip and Tuspaquin. Nevertheless, Church's 18 English soldiers and 22 Sakonnet managed to capture 173 Indians. That same evening, Church arrived at Bridgetwater with the prisoners. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Sakonnet (Wampanoag) | Philip Tuspaquin |
| 11 August 1676 | The English had already disbanded most of their troops, only Benjamin Church and his loyal Sakonnet were still on patrol looking for Philip. That day they combed the area around Pocasset. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Sakonnet (Wampanoag) | Philip |
| 11 August 1676 | In the meantime, Church's men had arrived on Aquidneck Island. Church wanted to visit his wife Alice there. Shortly afterwards, Captain Roger Goulding brought news of an Indian who had fled from Philip when he killed his brother simply because he had suggested asking the English for peace. The Indian stated that Philip was at the southern tip of Mount Hope. Church immediately set off for Mount Hope with his men and the Indian. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pocasset (Wampanoag) Sakonnet (Wampanoag) | Philip Alderman |
| 12 August 1676 | In a swamp at the foot of Mount Hope, Philip and his last followers were discovered by Church's men and the Sakonnet. Church's troop consisted of no more than 12 men. Only a handful of the toughest and most loyal men had remained with Philip. Among them was Anawan. On the eastern edge of the swamp stood two of Benjamin Church's men. One of them was Alderman, who shot Philip as he fled. Anawan managed to escape. Philip's body was chopped into four pieces by a Sakonnet with an axe. Alderman received one of Philip's hands from Church. Philip's head was displayed on a pole in Plymouth for about 20 years. During the 14-month war, 5,000 people lost their lives, more than 2/3 of whom were Indians. This statistic does not include the hundreds, if not thousands, of Indians who were taken as slaves. In terms of population, the war cost more than twice as many lives as the American Civil War and seven times as many as the American Revolution. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pocasset (Wampanoag) Pocasset (Wampanoag) Sakonnet (Wampanoag) | Philip Anawan Alderman |
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| Historical plaque on Mount Hope at the place where King Philip died. Source: Thomet Daniel 2018. | |||
| 1680 | 4) With the English, only the soldiers went to war, the women, children and old people stayed in their homes in the towns. It was different with the Indians: when Indians went to war, the whole tribe usually went with them. This meant that the warriors could not just concentrate on themselves, but always had to take the villages, women, children and old people with them and protect them. This limited the warfare and mobility of the Indians in comparison to the English. 5) As the whole tribe was on the move during the war and no longer settled, it was no longer possible to grow food such as corn, beans, pumpkins etc. as usual. As a result, the Indians ran out of food at the beginning of 1676. The English were quite different: their logistics chain ensured, among other things, that food was delivered by ship from England. Or the English in the war zone procured food from other colonies.6) The civilization diseases introduced by the whites, such as smallpox, smallpox and influenza, decimated the Indians even before the arrival of the Pilgrim Fathers in 1620, but also during the war in 1675/1676. 7) The civilization diseases introduced by the whites, such as smallpox, smallpox and influenza, decimated the Indians even before the arrival of the Pilgrim Fathers in 1620, but also during the war in 1675/1676. The so-called savages did not know these diseases and therefore had no means of defense. Even before the arrival of the Pilgrims in 1620, the tribes along the New England coast had been decimated by up to 90%! 8) The English survived a series of devastating defeats because they continued to be supplied with food, muskets and ammunition from England. The Indians ran out of food and gunpowder in the summer of 1676. 9) Philip tried to enlist the support of the French. But the governor of New York, Edmund Andros, urged the Mohawk to attack the Pokanoket in February 1676. Thus, the outcome of the war in the spring of 1676 was decided by the Mohawk and a governor from New York. Many of these reasons for the Indians' defeat of the whites were to be repeated in other wars and tribes until 1890, such as reasons 1,2,4 and 5. The arming of the Indians under Philip was not a reason for the defeat, because Philip had deliberately traded guns, powder and lead for hides and through targeted land sales before the war.In the 14 months of King Philip's War, about 8% of the male inhabitants of Plymouth Colony died, about twice as many as in the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865! Before the war, about 20,000 Indians lived in the war zone. At least 2,000 of them died in the war, 3,000 from disease and starvation, about 1,000 were sold as slaves to areas outside the United States and an estimated 2,000 fled to the Iroquois or Abenaki tribes in the north. The total losses of the Indians were between 60% and 80%. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) | Philip |