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| Book cover | Autor | Title | Description |
| Bild | Autor | Leer | Beschreibung |
| Date | Event | Tribe | Chief |
May 1821  | Red Cloud was born in Nebraska on the Blue Creek, a tributary of the North Platte River in the West of Nebraska in today's Garden County. The Oglala Chief'Smoke' (he was originally a member of the Brule-Lakota tribe) took over the role of the educator and pioneer after the death of his father 'Lone Man'. 'Smoke' was Chief of the 'Bad Face' Band of the Oglala. Red Cloud should become one of the most important chiefs of the Plains Indians. During the 'Red Cloud War' from 1865-1868 he forced the U.S. government to give up Forts along the Bozeman Trail. Afterwards he fought up to his death for the well-being of his people which lived, in the meantime, in the Reservation.   | Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) | Smoke Red Cloud |
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| Red Cloud, photographed by Charles Milton Bell 1880. Source: http://www.vahistorical.org | |||
| 1825 | The father of Red Cloud,'Lone One', died possibly during this year | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| 1837 | Before the attack on the Pawnee in Central Nebraska the Oglala camped north of Fort Laramie along the North Platte River, Wyoming | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| 1837 | Oglala against Pawnee - Oglala attacked a Pawnee village 1837The Oglala attacked a village of the Pawnee along the Platte-River in today's Dawson-County in Central Nebraska. It was the first skirmish for the 16-year old Red Cloud and he carried off his first scalp! The Pawnee were reinforced from surrounding villages. The Oglala had to withdraw subsequently. The Oglala reached after a march of 16 days their village in the area of Fort Laramie in the southeast of Wyoming. The Oglala carried off about 50 horses, 4 scalps and lost 2 warriors. | Oglala (Lakota) Pawnee | Red Cloud |
| 1837 | Oglala against Crows - Oglala attack on a Crow village 1838The Oglala discovered in the middle of the winter a group of 14 Crows on the Bitter Cottonwood Creek in South-Central Wyoming. The Crows intended certainly to steal the horses of the Oglala under the protection of the strong blizzard. Near Warm Springs the Crows were surprised by the Oglala and were attacked. The Oglala were numerically superior and killed all Crows. 17-year-old Red Cloud also took part in this attack and could count 3 coups. | Oglala (Lakota) Crow | Red Cloud |
| Summer 1843 | The Oglala camped in Summer 1843 along Prairie Creek in Hall County, Nebraska | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Summer 1843 | Oglala against Omaha - Oglala against Omaha 1843On the yearly bison-summer hunt the Oglala hit in today's County Hall in the South of Nebraska, in the area of the mouth of the Prairie Creek in the Platte River, on a group of Omaha. Both groups were about equally strong. The Omaha lived in the Missouri-River in the east on Nebraska and traveled every year in summer along the Platte River to Central Nebraska to hunt bisons. While to the next 3 days both tribes attacked themselves mutually without killing anybody. However, there were many injured persons. At the end of the third day both tribes talked in sure distance in the sign language. However, all discussions rejected the Omaha and swung every time her blankets to say with it: Come and fight. Afterwards the Oglala left the area and moved return in the valley of the Laramie River at the edge of the Black Hills. | Oglala (Lakota) Omaha | Red Cloud |
| 1844 | Oglala against Crows - Oglala attack on a Crow village 1844Oglalas under Red Cloud left their village in the North of Wyoming on the Belle Fourche River and started a 5-day march direction Yellowstone-River in Montana. In the area of the today's Custer County, near the mouth of the Rosebud Creek in the Yellowstone-River, the Oglalas discovered a village of the Crow and stole undiscovered horses. Red Cloud killed a Crow Indian who guarded the large herd of horses. After 11 days the Oglala arrived at her village again. 300 horses and a scalp were carried off, and the Oglala had lost no warrior. | Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Crow | Red Cloud Brave Bear Old Man Afraid of his Horses |
| Spring 1845 | The Bad Face-Band of the Oglala camped along the Chugwater Creek, about 4 miles north of the area of the today's village of Chugwater ('Point of of rock'), Wyoming | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Spring 1845 | Oglala against Ute - Oglala against Ute 1845Oglala unexpectedly met a group of Ute Indians in northern Colorado in the area of the Cache la Powder River. The Ute were on a hunt. A hunter of the Ute was killed by the Oglala. | Oglala (Lakota) Ute | Red Cloud |
| Spring 1845 | After arriving at the camp of the Oglala there was a quarrel going on between the'Bad Face' Band and the'Koya' Band of the Oglala. Besides, Red Cloud killed the Chief of the'Koya' Band, Bull Bear because he was the reason for the disputes according to the opinion of Red Cloud. Afterwards the'Koya' Band gave themselves another name and were called'Ki-ya-ksa' or'bitten in two'. Then this name was either misunderstood, or was translated wrong into'Cut-Off'. The son of Bull Bear was determined as a successor for the killed Chief and took over the name of his father. | Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud Bull Bear |
| About 846 AD | Oglala against Pawnee - Oglala attack on Pawnee village 184620 Oglala warriors attacked the long-drawn village of the Pawnee along the Loup River in Central Nebraska. After a certain time after the beginning of the attack an announcement went under the Oglala that Red Cloud has been killed. The Oglala broke off the attack. Red Cloud was hit by an arrow just below the ribs of the chest. After months Red Cloud was fairly healthy again, however, the wound should become apparent for the rest of his life over and over again. | Oglala (Lakota) Pawnee | Red Cloud |
| 1848 - 1849 | Treaty of Fort Laramie 1851The discovery of gold in 1848 in California led to an immigration wave through the land of the Plains Indians. Also the ending of the disputes of the United States with England concerning the borders for the State of Oregon in 1846 were a reason for the long wagon trains along the Platte River to Oregon and California. The government expected rightly bloody conflicts with the Plains Indians and invited them therefore for a peace conference. The conference took place in 1851 at Fort Laramie. The government hoped for less attacks on the wagon trains because of the Treaty. | Lakota Crow Assiniboine Shoshone Cheyenne Arapaho Oglala (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Arikara Hidatsa Mandan | Red Cloud |
| About 848 AD | Oglala against PawneeThe Pawnee left their villages on the Middle Loup River in Central Nebraska and moved in apparently saver areas to the east of Nebraska. The Pawnee had enough of the annual attacks especially of the Oglala Lakota. | Pawnee Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Spring 1849 | Oglala against Shoshone - Oglala attack on Shoshone village 1849Red Cloud organized a war party of 8 warriors against the Eastern Shoshone. The camp of the Oglala was in the area of Pumpkin Butte in the today's County Campbell in Wyoming, on the western edge of the Black Hills. The Oglala discovered a village of the Eastern Shoshone in the area of the mouth of the Wind River in the Big Horn River in the Central West of Wyoming. The Oglala escaped with about 60 horses. 2 Shoshone were killed. | Oglala (Lakota) Eastern Shoshone | Red Cloud |
| Summer 1849 | The Oglala camped 1849 in the area of Fort Laramie | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| 1849 | Red Cloud married sometime between 1848 and 1851. Red Cloud had to choose between two women, Pretty Owl and Pine Leaf. He decided for Pretty Owl. Red Cloud got out of his tent in the morning after the marriage and saw with fright that Pine Leaf hanged herself with a rope in a tree near his tent. Suicide was also among Indians no rarity. 5 daughters and a son arose from the marriage. Red Clouds son, Jack Red Cloud, was born between 1852 and 1858. | Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud Jack Red Cloud |
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| Jack Red Cloud in 1913. Source: http://www.dlncoalition.org/dln_nation/chief_jack_red_cloud.htm | |||
| 1849 | Treaty of Fort Laramie 1851Only this year about 22'500 settlers with about 60'000 heads of cattle traveled over the California Trail to California. The settlers used the scanty supplies of fire wood in the Plains on her way and put on fireplaces. The cattle ate the grass in the surroundings almost completely. This was noted also by the Northern Shoshone when they returned from her annual bison hunt in Montana and Wyoming. The settlers followed the Oregon Trail starting at the Missouri-River passing Fort Laramie along the Platte River and Soda Springs in the South of Idaho. This route led through the middle of the tribal area of the Pawnee, the Oglala and Brule, Cheyenne and Arapaho as well as the Northern Shoshone and Eastern Shoshone. This prompted the U.S. government to negotiate and then resulted in the Treaty of Fort Laramie 1851. From Soda Springs (about 60 miles southeast of Fort Hall) the settlers could follow 3 different routes. One route was of the California Trail in the direction of West. The Oregon Trail led in the direction of north to Oregon. And the Mormon Trail led the Mormons to the City of Salt Lake City in Utah. | Northern Shoshone Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Cheyenne Arapaho | Red Cloud Smoke |
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| Oregon Trail. Source: http://www.univie.ac.at/Anglistik/easyrider/data/parkoret.htm | |||
| About 1850 | Around this time most Oglala were already armed with guns. Mostly the Hawken-Rifle was used. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
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| Hawken Rifle. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki / Hawken_rifle | |||
| 19 August 1854 | Grattan fight 1854The Brule camped about 18 miles southeast from Fort Laramie, completely in the West of Nebraska. Nearby also there camped the Oglala. The Oregon Trail ran very near along both villages. One in the camp of the Brule of staying warriors of the Miniconjou-Lakota killed with an arrow a run away ox of the Mormons. Conquering Bear tried the situation to settle in Fort Laramie, but Lieutenant J.L. Grattan was for hard sanctions. The next morning the young Oglala Chief Young-Man-Afraid-Of-His-Horses rode to Fort Laramie, however, had to find out that the decision was made. Lieutenant John Grattan moved out with 30 men and 2 cannons equipped to arrest the Miniconjou warrior. Lieutenant Grattan had concluded only recently the military school in West-Point and had been posted to Fort Laramie. Lieutenant Grattan placed his soldiers beyond the village of the Brule and ordered to load the guns as well as both cannons. Discussions between Grattan and the Indians under Conquering Bear led after 45 minutes to no result. Grattan ordered to shoot - The battle began. As one of the first ones fell Lieutenant Grattan and Conquering Bear. The cannons aimed too high and the cannonballs flew over the tents of the Brule. Now Spotted Tail with a few hundred warriors attacked and the soldiers started to flee. Now also Red Cloud and Ogala warriors intervened and massacred the group of 18 soldiers. After a short time none of the soldiers lived more. Nearby the angry warriors looted an army depot and stole goods and food. Then, however, the Indians started to worry about possible reactions of the soldiers. They broke their tents broke off, crossed the North Platte River, moved to the north to started their usual bison-autumn hunt. Little Thunder became the successor of Conquering Bear. Little Thunder also died by white balls a year later during the massacre of Ash Hollow. | Brule (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) | Conquering Bear Grand Partisan Spotted Tail Red Cloud Little Thunder Young Man Afraid of his Horses |
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| Chief Conquering Bear died at the beginning of the'Grattan Fight' in 1854. Source: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mikestevens/2010-p/p83.htm | |||
| Autumn 1854 | The Oglala camped in the area of Fort Niobrara in Nebraska | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Spring 1855 | Ponca against Oglala - Ponca-attack on Oglala-village 1855The Ponca attacked a village of the Oglala under Red Cloud, rode through the middle of their village, killed 2 Oglala and drove a big number of horses away. The Oglala pursued the Ponca, however, but could not catch them any more. | Ponca Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Summer 1855 | The Oglala moved her village to the north to the White River after the attack on the Ponca in spring 1855 | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Summer 1855 | Red Cloud became a war chief of the Oglala Lakota. The necessary Pipe Dance ritual was held in the village of the Oglala along the White River in South Dakota. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| About 1855 | The Oglala camped in Central East of Wyoming, in the area where later Fort Fetterman would be established. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| About 855 AD | Oglala against Crow 1855Red Cloud started a campaign with 14 warriors against the Crow to avenge (probably) the death of a known warrior. Near a Crow camp along the Clear Fork of the Powder River north of the today's town of Buffalo the Oglala met a single warrior whom they held for a Crow Indian. As a revenge for the death of the warrior mentioned before the Indian became scalped alive. But the Indian survived this ordeal! Years later, during negotiations between the Indians and the Whites at Fort Bufort in the Northwest of North Dakota, Red Cloud and this Indian met by chance. The Indian turned out to be a Blackfeet Indian! The Blackfoot penetrated between 1850 and 1860 often into the land of the Crow Indians. | Oglala (Lakota) Crow Blackfoot (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Summer 1856 | The Oglala camped along the Little Missouri River in Montana, about 100 miles to the south of the site of the later Fort Buford. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Summer 1856 | Crow against OglalaThe Crows stole about 100 horses of the Oglala in their village along the Little Missouri River. Shortly after a group of 15 to 20 warriors under the lead of Red Cloud started the pursuit of the Crow. The Oglala camped at the mouth of the Tongue River on the Yellowstone-River and sent out scouts who discovered a small village of the Crows in the area of the headwaters of the Rosebud River. The Oglala stole 200 horses from the village of the Crows and brought them home safely. | Oglala (Lakota) Crow | Red Cloud |
| Autumn 1856 | Oglala against CrowsThe winter camp of the Oglala was located at the Cannonball-River in North Dakota. A group of 15 warriors under Red Cloud against the Crows and a group under Young Man Afraid of His Horses against the Shoshone left the camp. The group of Red Cloud camped in the evening of the 2nd day along the Little Missouri River. However, in the same area Crow Indians who were on the way to the village of the Oglala were encamped too. Why march even further if one bumps into Oglalas from which one can steal horses too? Said - done, the next morning the Oglala woke up without their horses and had to march on foot about 10 days back home. Young Man Afraid of his Horses achieved more success. He brought nearly 100 horses and many bison furs. An unhappy village of the Shoshone stood in his way and was looted subsequently. | Oglala (Lakota) Shoshone Oglala (Lakota) Crow | Red Cloud Young Man Afraid of his Horses |
| Autumn 1856 | Oglala against CrowsThe Oglala were visited by white traders two times at her winter camp on the Cannonball-River in North Dakota. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Winter 1856 | The Oglala spent the winter along the Cannonball River in North Dakota | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Winter 1856 | The'Bad Face' Band of the Oglala moved their hunting grounds to the area of the Powder River in northeastern Wyoming because of the increased flows of immigrants of Whites and the increased strong presence of U.S. troops in their area | Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) | Smoke Red Cloud |
| Summer 1857 | The Oglala camped on the Heart-River in North Dakota. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Summer 1857 | Oglala against Gros Ventre - Oglala-attack on Gros Ventre village 1857From their village along the Cannonball River the Oglala sent off three war parties. Two war parties marched to the west to attack the Crow and Shoshone. Red Cloud rode with 24 warriors to the north and reached the Missouri River after about 150 miles. Red Clouds war party discovered a village of the Gros Ventres with about 35 warriors and attacked. However, the Gros Ventres defended themselves cleverly and could repuls twice the attack of the Oglala. Besides, an Oglala warrior was killed and two were wounded. The Oglala carried off about 100 horses of the Gros Ventres. 10 warriors of the Oglala moved with the horses back to the village, the remaining 13 warriors started the search for a village of the Arikara. | Oglala (Lakota) Gros Ventre | Red Cloud |
| Summer 1857 | Oglala against Arikara - Oglala-attack on a Arikara Dorf 1857Southeast of the village of the Gros Ventres the Oglala discovered the village of the Arikara. Nothing pointed to the fact that the Arikara had already noted the presence of the Oglala. In the dusk the Oglala tried to drive the horses of the Arikara away. The Oglala crept up to about 80 yards to the horses when before them a line of Arikara warriors appeared. The Arikara had been warned by the Gros-Ventres! 13 surprised Oglala warriors had to flee and only 7 of them returned alive. Among them Red Cloud. He managed to get unnoticed to the Missouri River and to escape by using a Bull boat made of bison skin. After several days he bumped by chance into a village of the Brule-Lakota where he remained about one week and returned then to his village on the Cannonball-River. | Oglala (Lakota) Arikara | Red Cloud |
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| In a Bull boat like this Red Cloud fled form the Gros Ventres village. Source: Daniel Thomet in 2010 | |||
| Summer 1858 | The Oglala camped in the area of the headwaters of the Grande River in the Southwest of North Dakota, at the base of the Eagle Nest Butte | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Summer 1858 | Oglala against Arapaho - Oglala against Arapaho 1858Scouts of the Oglala discovered 50 families on the migration to the east of her camp. About 300 warriors rode towards the group. It turned out that they were Arapaho Indians whom wanted to visit her relatives in the north, the Gros Ventres. The Arapaho moved from Slim Butte in the direction of North East. Because, however, the Oglala have always been the enemies of the Gros Ventres and because the Arapaho and Gros Ventres were their allies, the Oglala attacked the Arapaho. All Arapaho warriors were killed, the women and children were taken prisoner. This was the revenge for the unsuccessful attacks of the Oglala on the Gros Ventres and the Arikaras. | Oglala (Lakota) Arapaho | Red Cloud |
| Herbst 1858 - Sommer 1859 | After the attack on the Arapaho the Oglala moved south near Fort Laramie. Only in summer the Oglala moved away from Fort Laramie again | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Autumn 1859 | In summer 1859 the Oglala moved to the area of the Powder River and went from here on the autumn hunt. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Winter 1859 | The Oglala spent the winter in the area of the headwaters of the Belle Fourche River in Central North of Wyoming. Scouts were sent to Fort Laramie which returned to the camp of the Oglala after 20 days with 4 traders and many commodities. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Autumn 1859 | Oglala against Shoshone - Oglala against Shoshone 1859Red Cloud rode with 75 warriors to the west to expel their old enemies (Crows and Shoshone) from the area of the Oglala. After about 10 days the Oglala hit on the edge of the Bighorn Mountains on 50 Shoshone warriors. The Shoshone climed a small hill and defended themselves on this stony hill cleverly against the Oglala. Besides, Red Cloud killed a Shoshone warrior. Shortly after the Shoshone left their position and started to spread individually in the stony surroundings, so that it was impossible for the Oglala to follow the Shoshone. Both sides lost some warriors. | Oglala (Lakota) Shoshone | Red Cloud |
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| Warrior of the Eastern Shoshone, takes photos in 1885. Source: http://amertribes.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=basin&action=display&thread=451 | |||
| Autumn 1859 | 4 white traders from Fort Laramie sold their goods in the village of the Oglala in the area of the headwaters of the Belle Fourche River in the Central North of Wyoming. The warriors were interested particularly in blue cotton blankets, the women bought particularly colored cotton blankets to make clothes from it. Also coffee and Hominy (Corn, cooked in ash and dried afterwards) were exchanged and soon it smelled in the whole village like in a coffee house. But soon there was trouble. 10 dogs of the Oglala died beyond the camp. The dogs ate from the Strychnine which the white traders strewed in the surroundings of her camps to poison wolves. The'Akicita' (a group of warriors whose job was to supervise the order and the observance of rules in the camp and to put through) destroyed some tents and commodities of the white traders. Only the white trader Samuel Deon got away with relatively few losses. Red Cloud and his warriors arrived shortly after returning from their excursion to the Big Horn Mountains. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| April 1860 | The white trader Samuel Deon was still in the camp of the Oglala and had put up his wagon and his tent still beside the tent of Red Cloud when one day another trader with the name Leghan appeared. This trader brought whisky in the camp of the Oglala. Everything went normally, until one day a young, probably alcoholized warrior simply shot an older man in the middle of the village. The young warrior fled immediately on a nearby hill. Now many warriors pursued the murderer and wounded him severly. Nevertheless, the wounded could maintain his position a certain time long. But the young warrior must have realized the hopelessness of his situation. He loaded his weapon and directed it against his head and fired. In the meantime Leghan fled and could hide. The warriors could not find afterwards. An old woman from the village with whom he had lived during about 2 weeks supplied him at night with food and a blanket, so that Leghan could flee to Fort Laramie. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Winter 1860 | The Oglala camped on the eastern side of the Black Hills and spent the winter of 1860/1861 in the area of today's Fort Thompson where in 1864 Fort Thompson was established. Then for the summer camp in 1861 the Oglala marched again in the southeast of Wyoming, about 60 miles to the north of Fort Laramie. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Summer 1862 | The Oglala camped in the spring till the beginning autumn, 1862 in the area of Fort Laramie along the Laramie River and North Platte River. | Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud Young Man Afraid of his Horses Brave Bear |
| Autumn 1862 | The Oglala camped during the autumn hunt about 12 miles to the south of the springs of the Belle Forche River in the North of Wyoming. Still before the first snow the Oglala were visited by Samuel Deon and 5 large wagons full with commodities. Each of these wagons was pulled by 6 oxen. At the arrival of Deon the found out that already 2 other traders were in the village. One of these traders was a trader of the American Fur Company. Both traders were guests of Young Man Afraid of his Horses and Brave Bear. | Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud Young Man Afraid of his Horses Brave Bear |
| Autumn 1862 | On account of the discovery of gold in the area of Virginia City in the southwest of Montana in 1862 between 500 and 600 gold miners passed Fort Benton on the Missouri in Montana. The gold miners traveled either with steamboats on the Missouri to Fort Benton. From Fort Benton they traveled on the country road up to the gold mines. This way was more expensive than the other ways and was usable only as long as of the Missouri River was not frozen. The other way led over the Oregon Trail to Montana. An other possibility was to follow the known Oregon Trail to Fort Hall in the South of Idaho and from there from to the gold mines in Montana. The third possibility was to reach from the West from Fort Walla Walla in the federal state Washington over the country road to Fort Benton and from from in the southwest of Montana to the gold mines. The both used ways were either expensive and during the winter months only limited or not at all useable. Both ways also meant long and unwieldy ways. That's why one looked in 1863 for straighter and quicker routes. The opening of the Bozeman Trail in 1863 was the result. | Oglala (Lakota) Lakota | Red Cloud |
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| Virginia-City in the southwest of Montana still looks like at the times of the discoveries of gold in the 1860's. Source: Thomet Daniel 2009. | |||
| Winter 1862 | Battle of Big Mound 1863During the whole winter of 1862/1863 the war pipe was handed round between the Lakota and the Cheyenne. The Lakota prepared for a war against the Whites. Also George Bent remembered that the war pipe circulated in this time also among the Northern Cheyenne. And really, in summer of 1863 the first bigger skirmishes should take place between the Plains Indians and the U.S. Army in North Dakota (Battles of Big Mound, Dead Buffalo Lake, Stony Lake and Whitestone Hills). The white traders at the village of the Oglala were directed in spring, 1863 to visit the Oglala only again if the Oglala sent after them. | Oglala (Lakota) Hunkpapa (Lakota) Cheyenne Wahpekute-Santee (Eastern Dakota) Brule (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| April 1863 | The Oglala still camped about 12 miles above the spring of the Belle Fourche River in northeastern Wyoming. By the inflow of Miniconjou, Yankton and Hunkpapa the size of the camp grew up to about 500 tents. These tribes lived in tipis made from the tanned hides of the bison. The framework of the tipis consisted of long and thin logs of pine ('Lodgepole pine'). | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| April 1863 | Oglala against Crows - Death of 'The Sword' 1863One day the Oglala found out in the morning that about 500 horses were missing. Immediately about 500 warriors started a pursuit under the lead of Red Cloud. The tracks of 500 horses were not to be overlooked. Suddenly the big group of Crows split up in 5 smaller groups. The Oglala pursued 4 of these groups. The Oglala could catch up with two groups. The leaders of these two groups were Red Cloud and a known warrior called'The Sword'. The group of Red Cloud could get back the horses and Red Cloud could kill a Crow Indian. At the other group'The Sword' was killed by the Crow chief'Spotted Horse' with an old, small colt (gun), before Spotted Horse itself was killed by the other Oglalas of this group. | Oglala (Lakota) Crow Miniconjou (Lakota) Hunkpapa (Lakota) Yankton (Western Dakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud Spotted Horse Young Man Afraid of his Horses The Sword Old American Horse Brave Bear |
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| Crow Warrior in 1883. Source: http://hem.passagen.se/native/Dress.htm | |||
| June 1864 | John Bozeman and Jim Bridger organized independently of each other wagon trains which led from Casper (Wyoming) in the direction of the gold mines of Virginia City (Montana). John Bozeman's route led thorugh the area of the Powder River and then along the east side of the Bighorn Mountains. At the today's town of Sheridan in the North of Wyoming it led into Montana where the Powder River and the Big Horn River had to be crossed. Along the Yellowstone-River it went westward to Virginia City. This way led through the middle of the hunting grounds of the Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho. According to the Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1851 this area belonged to the Indians. Jim Bridger knew the Indians very well and, therefore, chose a way to the west of the Bighorn Mountains to Virginia City. This way was a few weeks quicker and did not lead though the most important hunting grounds of the Plains Indians at the the Powder River area. However, this route was much more demanding than the route of John Bozeman. That's why the route of John Bozeman asserted itself. The route became known under the name'Bozeman Trail'. The Bozeman Trail had a length of 680 miles. The use of the Bozeman Trail from 1865 by white settlers, gold seekers and adventurers led to the fact that the army received the order to protect the wagon trains of the Whites from the Indians. The repsence of Colonel Carrington's 8 companies of the 18th Infantry from May 1866 on at the most important hunting grounds of the Plains Indians led directly to the'Red Cloud War'. | Oglala (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Lakota | Red Cloud |
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| Bozeman Trail. Source: http://www.plentycoups.org/ | |||
| 30 July 1865 | Powder River War 1865 - Powder River Expedition 1865The Powder Rivers expedition was till then the largest military operation of the U.S. Army in the West. The goal of the expedition was to fight the hostile Indians along the Bozeman Trail and along the Platte River. General Patrick E. Conner had more soldiers in the field than Sully and Sibley in the years 1863 and 1864. His army consisted of to these elements: - Conner himself led about 600 soldiers of the 2nd California Regiment as well as a Pawnee company under Captain Franck North - Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Walker with 600 soldiers of the 16th Kansas Cavalry and 11th Ohio Cavalry. They started at the 5th of August from Fort Laramie in the southeast of Wyoming - Colonel Nelson Cole commanded 400 soldiers of the 2nd Missouri Artillery and 12th Missouri Cavalry. They started at the 1st of July from Omaha in Nebraska Conner splited the troops in these 3 units which should meet on the 1st of September on the Rosebud Creek in Montana. The troops were hindered by very bad weather very much. Conner himself attacked the Arapaho on the Tongue River, both the other two columns were strongly pressed by the Oglala under Red Cloud and the Cheyenne under Dull Knife. Besides, 84 Winnebago and Omaha Indians as scouts took part in the expedition. | Arapaho Omaha Winnebago Pawnee Oglala (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Black Bear Red Cloud Dull Knife |
| 2 August 1865 | Powder River War 1865 - Powder River Expedition 1865General Conner crossed the Platte River and marched towards the Powder River. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| 11 August 1865 | Powder River War 1865 - Powder River Expedition 1865General Conner began with the construction of Camp Conner in Central Wyoming with the companies C and D of the 5th U.S. Volunteer Infantry. The tent camp was renamed to Fort Reno on the 11th of November, 1865. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| 14 August 1865 | Powder River War 1865 - Attack of Sawyers colums 1865 - Powder River Expedition 1865The Lakota and Cheyenne, camping on the Powder River, found out that Sawyers column approached them. 500 Lakota and Cheyenne rode along the Powder River to meet Sawyer. About 15 miles away from their village the Indians met the soldiers. | Oglala (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Red Cloud Dull Knife |
| 14 August 1865 Nicht erkannter Quellenhinweis | Powder River War 1865 - Attack of Sawyers colum 1865 - Powder River Expedition 1865Coming from Sioux City, Nebraska, two companies, composed of prison-released Confederate Army soldiers and 73 gold miners, marched along the Niobrara River under the command of Colonel Sawyer. The troops were traveling with 80 wagons and 300 cattle. Sawyer's job was to find a way to the gold mines in western Montana. On the Powder River at Pumpkin Butte (Bone Pile Creek) the squad was attacked by Oglala under Red Cloud and Northern Cheyenne under Dull Knife. The soldiers were besieged for 4 days, there were few dead on either side. During negotiations, Red Cloud and Dull Knife learned that Sawyer wanted to meet with General Patrick E. Conner at the newly built Camp Conner (Fort Reno). This is how the Oglala and Cheyenne learned that new forts were to be built in their territory. After the battle, Sawyer marched his column to Camp Conner. | Oglala (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Red Cloud Dull Knife |
| 16 August 1865 Nicht erkannter Quellenhinweis | Powder River War 1865 - Powder River Expedition 1865In the area of Camp Conner Pawnee scouts under the command of Frank North killed a small group of Cheyenne Indians. Among them was the mother of Charly Bent | Oglala (Lakota) Pawnee Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Red Cloud Dull Knife |
| 5 September 1865 | Powder River War 1865 - Roman Noses fight 1865 - Powder River Expedition 1865Walker and Cole were attacked in the area north of the today's City of Powderville in Montana by 1'000 Cheyenne and Lakota Indians. Only the Artillery held the Indians on distance. Chief Roman Nose of the Cheyenne rode several times in front of the rows of the soldiers back und forth without being hit. The Medicine Man of the Northern Cheyenne, Ice, had made a warbonnet which Roman Nose should protect against hostile balls. From this time the Hunkapa, Sans Arc and Blackfeet gave up the fight and returned to their camps. They noticed the Oglala camping further to the south under Red Cloud and Northern Cheyenne under Little Wolf. | Hunkpapa (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Sans Arc (Lakota) Blackfoot (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Sitting Bull Red Cloud Little Wolf Roman Nose |
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| Roman Nose 1868 near Fort Laramie shortly before his death. Source: http://www.search.com/reference/Roman_Nose | |||
| 8 September 1865 | Powder River War 1865 - Roman Noses fight 1865 - Powder River Expedition 1865Cole and Walker were attacked by about 2'000 Oglala and Cheyenne. However, the soldiers could repuls the Indians. At night on the 9th of September the soldiers were surprised by a strong blizzard which lasted the whole next day. About 400 horses perished. The soldiers subsisted on horsemeat. | Oglala (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Red Cloud Roman Nose |
| 19 September 1865 | Powder River War 1865 - Powder River Expedition 1865Pawnees of the Pawnee-Batallion under the command of General Conner found Cole and Walker and the 800 soldiers. The soldiers were in a miserable condition. After a little while the soldiers reached Camp Conner on the Upper Powder River (near the spring of the Powder River in Wyoming). Afterwards the Cheyenne rode further into the Black Hills to hunt bisons. Many horses were driven away by the Indians. The remaining 600 horses were not operational any more. Neither Cole nor Walker had experiences with Plains Indians. Both commanders always had fears that their horses would be driven away by the Indians. That's why both commanders did not let the horses graze in the open Plains. Many horses starved during several strong and cold storms. Also the biggest part of the herd of cattle got lost. We can suppose that both columns had been destroyed by the Indians without their Artillery. | Lakota Oglala (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Red Cloud |
| 24 September 1865 | Powder River War 1865 - Powder River Expedition 1865General Conner arrived with his troop at Camp Conner. Here Conner received instructions that he should proceed to Fort Laramie where he was relieved of his command and sent to Salt Lake City. On the basis of statements of the Cheyenne and a long report of Colonel Cole to General Grant it seems that General Conner was held responsible extensively for the disaster. He sent two columns with two Colonels into the field and omitted to regulate the supreme command about the troops. Already in the Black Hills both commanders argued about the supreme command. Besides, Conner promised to meet Cole and Walker on the 1st of September at the Black Hills what never happened. Instead, Conner built Camp Conner and attacked the Camp of the Arapaho. Back at St. Louis Colonel Cole was put in court and got away with a rebuke. Captain Frank North returned with his Pawnee scouts back to the Pawnee Reservation in Kansas. | Oglala (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Red Cloud |
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| General Patrick Conner between 1860 and 1865. Source: http://www.old-picture.com/civil-war/General-Patrick-Connor-E.htm | |||
| End of September 1865 | Powder River War 1865 - Powder River Expedition 1865Conner had hardly withdrawn from the area when the Plains Indians started to defend themselves against the white immigrants along the Bozeman Trail more determined than ever. Newspapers announced that it was impossible to transport goods and informations between Fort Reno in Wyoming and Virginia City in the southwest of Montana without being attacked by the Indians. This situation motivated the U.S. government for negotiations 1866 at Fort Laramie. And the Army forged plans to protect the Bozeman Trail militarily against the infringements of the Indians from summer 1866. This led again directly to the 'Red Cloud' War because Red Cloud got to know during the negotiations 1866 in Fort Laramie of the plans of the U.S. Army. Red Cloud realized that the U.S. Army wanted to establish Forts in the area which was assured for the Indians according to the negotiations at Fort Laramie in 1866 | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| 10 October - 28 October 1865 | Powder River Expedition 1865 - Treaty of Fort Sully 1865Oglala, Hunkpapa, Sans Arc, Two Kettle, Yanktonai, Miniconjou, Blackfeet and Lower Brule signed in Fort Sully in the area of today's Pierre in South Dakota peace treaties with the U.S. government. None prepared to go on war and known chiefs was present at Fort Sully, for example, Red Cloud or Sitting Bull. Reservations were assigned to the tribes and annual payments were promised. For it the Indians had to keep away from the roads of the Whites. In spite of this treaty the attacks of the Indians on white immigrants along the Bozeman-Trail continued. As the U.S. government realised that fact, it decided for new Treaty negotiations 1866 at Fort Laramie. Sitting Bull's Hunkpapa were not present and began in spring, 1866 again with attacks on Fort Rice | Oglala (Lakota) Hunkpapa (Lakota) Sans Arc (Lakota) Two Kettle (Lakota) Lower Brule (Lakota) Yanktonai (Western Dakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Blackfoot (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
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| Nachgebautes Erdhaus auf dem Land der heutigen Lower Brule Reservation inSouth Dakota. In solchen Häusern lebten Stämme wie die Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara und Pawnee. Source: Thomet Daniel 2010 | |||
| 28 March 1866 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868On this day Colonel Carrington was ordered to march and to take over Fort Reno along the Bozeman Trail as well as to build two additional Forts along the Bozeman Trail. On the 19th of May about 700 soldiers of the 18th U.S. Infantry, 226 wagons and about 1000 head of cattle left Fort Kearny (Nebraska) and marched via Fort McPherson (24th of May, Nebraska), Fort Sedgwick (30th of May, Colorado, in the area of Julesburg) in the direction of Fort Laramie. Up to the 4th of June the last wagon had crossed the Platte-River. Besides, Carrington had only about 200 horses for his men, therefore the larger part of the soldiers were marching on foot. | Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud Young Man Afraid of his Horses |
| 4 June 1866 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868 - Treaty of Fort Laramie 1866A commission from Washington arrived at Fort Laramie and began peace negotiations with the Southern Lakota. At the negotiations the government tried to negotiate the save passage as well as the establishment of new Forts along the Bozeman Trail. | Oglala (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) | Red Cloud Spotted Tail |
| 13 June 1866 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868 - Treaty of Fort Laramie (Lakota) 1866Colonel Carrington arrived at Fort Laramie. At his arrival negotiations were already ongoing between the Southern Lakota and the U.S. government concerning the save passage as well as the establishment of new Forts along the Bozeman Trail. However, the Indians were not exactly consciously about what exactly went on and what came up to them. However, this changed fast as Carrington arrived at the gates of Fort Laramie and when the Lakota became aware of Carrington's intensions After Red Cloud and Young Man Afraid Of His Horses found out that Colonel Carrington wanted to build Forts in the area of the Powder River along the Bozeman Trail, they departed on the 14th of June and did not sign the Treaty, in contrast to the Chief of the Brule-Lakota, Spotted Tail. | Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud Young Man Afraid of his Horses |
| 17 June 1866 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868Colonel Carrington left Fort Laramie in the direction of Fort Reno. Carrington had not enough ammunition for his outdated Springfield rifles (front loader), and he also lacked of useful horses. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| 28 June 1866 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868Colonel Carrington arrived at Fort Reno, to the west of the today's town of Kaycee in Central Wyoming. Instead of building a new Fort in the area Colonel Carrington decided that Fort Reno becomes the first Fort along the Bozeman Trail. He relieved the 2 volunteer companies stationed at Fort Reno and replaced them with 2 companies of the 18th U.S. Infantry. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| 13 July 1866 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868Colonel Carrington arrived with the 18th U.S. Infantry on the Piney Creek. Here he build in autumn 1866 Fort Phil Kearny. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| 15 July 1866 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868Colonel Carrington began with the construction of Fort Phil Kearny, about 40 miles north of Fort Reno, to the east of the Bighorn Mountains in northeastern Wyoming. The situation of the Fort was possibly unfavorable, surrounded by hills and mountains, without clear view. In December, 1866 the construction of the Fort was finished. The size of the Fort was 178 yards x 73 yards. The Fort was established together with Fort Reno and Fort C.F. Smith along the Bozeman Trail to be able to protect the immigrants traveling on this route. Fort Phil Kearny was manned at the beginning by the 18th U.S. Infantry. Up to 400 US soldiers, 150 civilians, a filed howitzer and 5 Mountain Howitzers were stationed at the fort. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
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| Fort Phil Kearny. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Phil_Kearny | |||
| 20 July 1866 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868The wagon trains of Dillon and Kirkendall were attacked on her way along the Bozeman Trail by Lakota and Cheyenne. In both cases the Indians approached in apparently peaceful intention the wagon trains, spoke with the leaders of the wagon trains, exchanged presents and, however, opened shortly after the fire on her hosts! | Oglala (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Red Cloud |
| 20 July 1866 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868 - Crazy Womans Fork 1866A wagon train with 39 soldiers and civilians under Lieutenant George Templeton who were coming from Fort Reno on the way to Fort Phil Kearny were attacked at Crazy Womans Fork, a side river of the Powder River. Templeton and Lieutenant Daniel rode in front as scouts and were attacked by about 50 Lakotas. Daniel was killed. Templeton was driven back by the Lakotas to the wagon train. About 200 Lakota and Cheyenne attacked the wagon train from midday and besieged it till late at night. The Lakotas withdrew when another wagon train from Fort Reno under the command of Captain Burrowes arrived. 1 officer and 1 soldiers were killed, 6 soldiers were wounded. | Oglala (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Red Cloud |
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| Crazy Womans Fork in Eastern Wyoming. The wagon train was attacked at the left image border, the defensive position was located in the area of the right image border | |||
| 3 August 1866 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868The companies D and G under the command of Captain Nathanial Kinney left Fort Phil Kearny in the direction of North. They had the order to find a suitable location for the third Fort (besides Phil Kearny and Fort Reno) along the Bozeman Trail. Jim Bridger served as a Scout. Fort C.F.Smith was estalblished about 90 miles to the North East of Fort Phil Kearny. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| 3 August 1866 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868Fort C.F.Smith lay along the Bozeman Trail. The wagons crossed a few 100 yards away from the Fort the Bighorn River and continued their trip in the direction of north. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| 6 December 1866 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868The guards on the pilot Hill signalled with her flags that the wooden workers were attacked by Indians at Piney Island. Piney Island was situated south of Sullivant Hill, about 4 miles from the Fort. Carrington rode from the East towards the Indians, Fettermann from the West. This way the Indians should be taken in the tongs. During the ensuing skirmish Lieutenant Bingham and Seargant Bowers were killed and 5 soldiers were wounded. Bingham and Bowers rode in front too far and were cut off from the main boddy of the soldiers and were killed. On this day orders were not kept, there were misunderstandings, cowardice was displayed and silly mistakes were committed. The pursuit of the Indians would have led almost to a disaster! It seems, as if this manoeuvre was a sort of dress rehearsal for the Fetterman's battle from 21st of December. | Oglala (Lakota) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) | Red Cloud Black Coal |
| Middle of December 1866 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868Red Cloud had gathered at that time about 4'000 warriors along the Tongue River to fight the soldiers along the Bozeman Trail. Crow Indians reported that the tents stretched about a distance of more than 40 miles along the Tongue River. | Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Miniconjou (Lakota) Hunkpapa (Lakota) | Roman Nose Dull Knife Red Cloud Crazy Horse Little Chief Sorrel Horse Black Shield Rain-in-the-face |
| 21 December 1866 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868 - Fetterman Battle 1866Captain William Judd Fetterman got together with 5 companies in an ambush of about 2'000 Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho and was killed with his entire command of 81 soldiers. 10 decoys (2 Cheyenne, 8 Lakota) under the command of Crazy Horse lured the soldiers into the valley of the Peno-Creek, about 2 miles away from Fort Phil Kearny. Not one soldiers got away with his life. The decoys of the Lakota were American Horse, Young men afraid of this Horses, He Dog, Little Hawk (Crazy Horse's younger brother) as well as Big Nose and Bird Ash of the Cheyenne) 10:00: Lieutenant Wands led on order of Colonel Carrington a lumberjack train with 10 soldiers from company E under Seargant Legrow direction 'Piney Island' southwest of the Fort. 10:50: The sentries on the Sullivant Hill signalled with flags that the lumberjack train was attacked by a large number of Indians. 11:15: On order of Colonel Carrington Captain Fettermann left the Fort with company A and parts of company C of the 18th Infantry (Infantry soldiers, armed with old Springfield Muzzle-Loaders). The order was: Release of the lumberjack train and return to the fort. By no means the Indians should be pursued beyond the Lodge Trail Ridge. 11:30: Lieutenant George Grummond followed Fettermann with 25 Cavalry soldiers and 2 civilians, James Wheatley and Issac Fisher. A little later the surgeon followed the soldiers. Grummont caught up with the Infantry southwest of the Sullivant Hill, where the Big Piney had to be crossed. From then on both units rode together. Shortly before 12:00: Fetterman rode towards the Lodge Tail Ridge. The Infantry was in the middle, Lieutenant Grummond with the Cavalry at the flanks and in front of the Infantry. Fettermann saw how Indians rode along the slopes and waved blankets to frighten the horses of the soldiers. The Infantry opened fire, the Indians withdrew but came back over and over again. When Fettermann reached the top, he saw a small group of Indians who had been fired before by Carrington with the Howitzer. Now these Indians joined the decoys. Member of the decoys were Crazy Horse, Dull Knife, Black Shield, Big Nose and White Bull. | Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Oglala (Lakota) Cheyenne Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Miniconjou (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) | Big Nose Red Cloud Medicine Man Little Chief Black Shield Hump Crazy Horse Young Man Afraid of his Horses He Dog |
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| Monument at the Fetterman Battlesite in northeastern Wyoming. Source: Daniel Thomet in 2009 | |||
| 21 December 1866 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868 - Fetterman Battle 186612:00: Fettermann stood still on top of the Lodge Trail Ridge as ordered by Carrington. The Infantry shot at order at the Indians on the Bozeman road. Now the Indians appeared in the back of Fettermann at the foot of the Lodge Trail Ridge and rode towards Fetterman. Fettermann could have made now the decision to ride down to the Bozeman Trail, to kill as many Indians as possible and then turn back to the fort. But it came differently. 11:35: The guards on the Sullivant Hill signalled with her flags that the wagon train is not attacked any more. 11:40: Carrington ordered to fire at about 50 Indians with the howitzer in the area where the Big Piney Creek crosses the Bozeman road. Afterwards the indians rode away along the slopes of the Lodge Trail Ridge. Shortly after 12:00: Fettermann ordered the Infantry and Cavalry to ride down to the Bozeman Trail. However, from here Fettermann turned westwards, against the order of Colonel Carrington, followed the Bozeman road and rode into the valley of the Peno Creek. On his right side lay the'Massacre of Hill'. 12:10 The decoys crossed the Peno Creek at the end of the'Massacre of Hill', pursuaded by Grummond's Cavalry. The Infantry followed behind in fast running pace. After the decoys had crossed the Peno Creek, they split in two groups, rode away from each other and then again towards the Peno Creek. This was the signal for the attack. To the west of the Massacre Hill the mounted Cheyenne started to rush into the soldiers. The Oglala advanced on foot. Most probably the commands of Fettermann could not be heard by his soldiers because of the loudness of the Indians during their attack. Grummond stopped his Cavalry and Fettermann could catch up somewhat. Nevertheless, Infantry and Cavalry were separated during the first attack. After about 15 minutes the Infantrymen could maintain their position hardly any more and the ammunition became scarce. A few men left the position and tried to break through to the Cavalry. Shortly after the position of both civilians and the six infantrymen broke down. They fought up to the end with rifle floors, bayonet and knives, until the last man was dead. Now the remaining Cavalry tried to reach the hill and probably wanted to flee along the hill towards the Fort. Here, however, they saw to their terror many Indians appraching from the other side of the Massacre Hill. Having arrived on the hill, the soldiers also prepared their defence like the Infantrymen behind small and flat rocks. 12:40: Carrington sent reinforcements. The Indian scouts announced this action to their chiefs. The Infantry of Fettermann seeked shelter between level rock formations, the Cavalry was about 100 yards away. The Cavalry was at that time already without Lieutenant Grummond who have been killes probably already at the beginning of the fight. The civilians Wheatley and Fisher fought at the Cavalry, still below at the Bozeman road, together with five or six soldiers against the attacking Indians. The Indians startet their last attack on the inexperienced cavalrymen. Around 12:50 the fight was over. One of the last fallen soldiers was the trumpeter Metzger who defended himself with his indented trumpet till the end and died with 12 wounds in his body. Most soldiers died from arrows, because the Indians were armed at this time hardly with rifles. 12:45: Captain Ten Eck crossed the Big Piney Creek with his 75 soldiers and reached a hill on the right beside the Bozeman road. From here he rode towards the Peno Creek. 12:50: Captain Ten Eyck reached with his soldiers a hill to the east of the Massacre Hill and could see down to the valley. The Indians tried to lure Ten Eyck down, however, Ten Eyck waited and sent a runner to Carrington. 13:05: The mounted messengers Private Sample arrived at the Fort. Captain Ten Eyck asked for reinforcement again. Carrington wrote a note for Ten Eyck and mentioned the 40 soldiers already on their way to him with a clinic wagon and 3'000 rounds of ammunition. Private Sample rode back again to Ten Eyck and arrived possibly at the time when the Indians started to leave the valley. Shortly after that Ten Eyck's men saw for the first time the dead soldiers lying in the snow. Carrington himself remained at the Fort because already about 3/4 of his soldiers were in the field. He feared an attack of the Indians on the nearly abandoned Fort. Until the evening of the 21st of December about 49 dead soldiers were brought back with wagon to the fort, the remaining 32 soldiers were brought in the next day, particularly cavalrymen. The members of the lumberjack train at Piney Island had heard nothing about the battle, the battlefield was to far away After this victory Red Cloud was at the height of his power, although he himself was not present. But he was the organizer and brought the tribes together on the Tongue River. Beside the battle of Little Big Horn in 1876 the Fetterman's battle was the only battle of the U.S. Army against the Indians where no soldiers came back alive. The losses of the Indians must have been considerable. The estimates varied considerably, but 60 or more dead Indians and about 300 wounded of whom later probably another 100 died is most likely. White Elk, a Cheyenne, said that that battle caused more dead than the battle at Little Big Horn in 1876. Still during the evening after the battle Colonel Carrington sent a voluntary mounted messengers to Fort Laramie to inform his superiors about the disaster and to demand once more reinforcement, rifles and food. Portugee Phillips rode 236 miles through blizzards. He rode only at night. In the late morning of the 24th of December he reached the telegraph station'Horseshoe Station' where a telegram was sent to Fort Laramie. The telegram never arrived! Afterwards Portugee Phillips rode the remaining 40 miles to Fort Laramie. Between 23:00 and midnight he arrived at the Fort. The news of Carrington were passed immediately to Omaha, the site of his superior, General George Crook. From now on the news of the defeat spread very fast and soon were in the newspapers. | Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Oglala (Lakota) Cheyenne Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Miniconjou (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) | Big Nose Red Cloud Medicine Man Little Chief Black Shield Hump Crazy Horse Young Man Afraid of his Horses He Dog |
| 3 July 1867 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868J.R. Porter, a civil supplier, arrived at Fort Phil Kearny with 700 new 'Springfield Allien Second Conversion' rifles and 100'000 cartridges. Now these rifles could fire for the first time cartridges and had a considerably bigger fire power than the old 'muzzle loaders'. At the 'Fetterman battle' the soldiers were still equipped with these old rifles. In the coming two next battles (Hayfield Fight and Wagon Box Fight) these new weapons should get a determining advantage for the soldiers. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
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| Springfield model 1866 Second Allin conversion rifle. Source: http://www.worthpoint.com | |||
| 22 July 1867 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868 - Hayfield Fight 18679 days before the 'Hayfield fight' new Breech-Loading Springfield rifles arrived at Fort Smith. The new rifles decisively contributed to the success of the soldiers in the coming attacks of the Lakota and Cheyenne. | Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Red Cloud Crazy Horse High Back-Bone Little Wolf |
| July 1867 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868 - Hayfield Fight 1867While to whole July warriors of the Lakota and Cheyenne attacked the civil hay workers and lumberjacks a few miles northwest of Fort Phil Kearny and tried over and over again to drive the grazing cattle away. The attacks were not very violent because the Lakota held her sun dance ceremonies during July. The ceremonies normally ended during the last July week. The civil workers were protected by soldiers of the company A of the 27th U.S. Infantry. | Oglala (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Red Cloud High Back-Bone |
| End of July 1867 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868 - Hayfield Fight 1867After the end of the sun dance ceremonies the Lakota and Cheyenne decided to attack the Forts along the Bozeman Trail again more violently. Fort C.F.Smith should be attacked by warriors of the Cheyenne under Dull Knife and Two Moons. Under the leadership of Crazy Horse Fort Phil Kearny should be attacked. | Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Red Cloud Crazy Horse High Back-Bone |
| End of July 1867 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868 - Wagon Box Fight 1867After the end of the sun dance ceremonies the Lakota and Cheyenne decided to attack the Forts along the Bozeman Trail again more violently. Fort C.F.Smith should be attacked by warriors of the Cheyenne under Dull Knife and Two Moons. Under the leadership of Crazy Horse Fort Phil Kearny should be attacked. | Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Red Cloud Crazy Horse Two Moons Dull Knife |
| 31 July 1867 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868 - Wagon Box Fight 1867The company A of the 27th US the Infantry which guarded the civil hay workers and lumberjacks of Fort Phil Kearny was replaced by the company C of the 27th U.S. Infantry under Captain James Powell. Powell brought 51 soldiers and rations for 10 days. Every soldiers had 150 cartridges of ammunition at disposal . 13 soldiers and an officer took over the guarding of the wooden transport from the location of the lumberjacks to Fort Smith and back. 8 soldiers and the officer guarded the lumberjacks, the remaining 4 soldiers guarded the 'Side Camp', a log cabin which served as a defence position as well as as a warehouse. The remaining 24 soldiers were positioned by Captain Powell at the location of the 13 oval waggon boxes. | Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Red Cloud Crazy Horse High Back-Bone Little Wolf |
| 1 August 1867 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868 - Wagon Box Fight 1867Warriors of the Oglala under Crazy Horse, Miniconjou under High Back-Bone, Sans Arc and about 60 Cheyenne under Little Wolf camped in the area of Fort Phil Kearny and prepared for an attack. All together about 1'000 warriors were gathered. | Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Red Cloud Crazy Horse High Back-Bone Little Wolf |
| 1 August 1867 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868 - Hayfield Fight 1867About 2 miles southwest of Fort C.F. Smith Lieutenant Sigismund Sternberg of the 27th Infantry fought with 19 soldiers and 7 civilians against 500 to 800 warriors of the Cheyenne, Lakota and Arapaho. 3 soldiers were killed and 4 were wounded. The Indians suffered great losses. These losses were due to the newly introduced Springfield Model 1866 rifles. | Miniconjou (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Oglala (Lakota) Arapaho | American Horse Little Wolf Red Cloud |
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| Here the Hayfield Fight took place, about 1 mile northeast of the today's City of Fort Smith in southern Montana. Source: Thomet Daniel 2009 | |||
2 August 1867  | Red Clouds War 1866-1868 - Wagon Box Fight 1867In the morning of the 2nd of August two white hunters discovered the Oglala, Miniconjou, Sans Arc and Cheyenne being ready for the attack in the area of Fort Phil Kearny. Briefly after both hunters alarmed the wagon soldiers at the wagon box, the Indians attacked the lumberjacks and the 'Side camp'. 200 Indians attacked at 09:00 o'clock the civilians which guarded the cattles and expelled them. 500 Indians attacked the wagon train with the loaded wood, expelled the men and set the wagon train on fire. The first attack on the wagon box probably occurred from the southwest. Because of the for the Indians unexpectedly steady and strong fires because of the new guns they had to retreat behind the about 600 yards distant hills. Here the warriors prepared themselves for the next attack. Before the second attack began the Indians collected her dead and wounded. The second attack occurred on a line east-south-west in an angle of about 180 degrees. The Indian succeeded in killing an officer and 2 soldiers by snipers shooting from behind a northwesterly hill. But again the soldiers shot a steady and deadly fire into the rows of the Indians who mostly attacked on horses. Many soldiers shot so intensely that the barrels of the guns started to glow red. The third attack occurred at 12:00 o'clock on foot from Northwest. This time the Indians came so near as never to the wagon box. But because the attack occurred only from one direction, Powell ordered all of his men on this attack side of the wagon circle and fired a steady, heavy and deadly fire in the direction of the attacking Indians again. Therefore, also the third attack failed, and the Indians had to retreat again. At 13:00 o'clock relief arrived from Fort Phil Kearny. Major Benjamin Smith started to shoot with his Mountain Howitzer at the positions of the Indians. The cannons expelled about 500 Indians to the east of the wagon box. Shortly after the arrival of Major Smith 4 woodworkers and 14 soldiers came out from their defense position beyond the wagon circle and hurried towards the wagon circle. Now the Indians retreated. The soldiers lost no time and marched back to Fort Phil Kearny. Soldiers scalped some Indians before they marched back. Again the Indians collected her dead and wounded. The reason for the clear defeat at this battle as well as at the'Hayfield Fight' from the 1st of August were the new Springfield model 66 rifles. With these new guns the cartridges were loaded from the back. With up to 10 fired cartridges per minute a much higher firing rate could be reached compared with the old 'muzzle loaders'. With the old 'muzzle loaders' two shots per minute could be delivered on average. Between the two shots long cease-fires originated. The U.S. Army suffered 3 dead soldiers and 2 wounded at the wagon box as well as 3 dead at the'Side camp'. The losses of the Indians cannot be exactly numbered. But the losses were hugh: From 50 to 100 dead and many wounded of whom many might have died afterwards. | Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Red Cloud Crazy Horse High Back-Bone Little Wolf |
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| Scene of the Wagon box Fight. Source: http://www.militaryphotos.net | |||
| October 1867 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868Captain Dandy, Quarter Master of Fort Phil Kearny, met a group of Lakota, Arapaho and Cheyenne on the Big Piney Creek. The U.S. Army discussed with the Indians that the 3 Forts along the Bozeman Trail were to be given up. As a countermove the Indians promised to give up all hostilities. | Oglala (Lakota) Cheyenne Arapaho | Red Cloud |
| 1867 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868During the whole year Fort Buford in western North Dakota was besieged by the Lakota. | Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Hunkpapa (Lakota) Hunkpapa (Lakota) | Red Cloud Crazy Horse Gall Sitting Bull |
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| Fort Buford, North Dakota. Source: Thomet Daniel 2009 | |||
| 1868 | Treaty of Fort Laramie (Lakota) 1868The area of South Dakota and to the west of the Missouri River was awarded to the Lakota as a Reservation by the Treaty of Fort Laramie. In the extreme corner of this area, however, the Ponca lived along the Niobrara River at 2 different locations. As a consequence the Lakota (particularly their mortal enemies, the Oglala and the Brule) had a perfect excuse to attack their old enemies again: They lived now within the Reservation. Till 1876 the Ponca would be attacked over and over again by the Lakota. The overlapping of the Reservation areas of the Sioux and the Ponca was simply a planning mistake. | Ponca Oglala (Lakota) Lakota | Red Cloud |
| 2 March 1868 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868General Ulysses S. Shermann wrote General Grant that the Forts along the Bozeman Trail have to be abandoned. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| 29 April 1868 | War in the southern Plains 1866-1870 - Treaty of Fort Laramie (Lakota) 1868Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868 Treaty between the U.S. government, represented by Lieutenant-General William Tecumseh Sherman, General Harney, General Alfred Terry and General Sanborn and the - Lakota (Hunkpapa, Brule, Oglala, Miniconjou, Blackfeet, Two Kettles, Sans Arc) - Yankton (Yanktonai) - Dakota (Santee) - Arapaho The Brule Lakota with Spotted Tail, Red Leaf, Swift Bear and Standing Elk signed on April 29th. Ogala-Lakota under Man Afraid of his Horses, Sitting Bull and American Horse signed on May 25th. The Miniconjou Lakota with Spotted Elk (Big Foot) and Bull Bear signed on May 26th. Hunkpapa-Lakota and Sans Arc, Blackfoor and Two Kettle under Gall, Bear's Rib and Running Antelope signed with Fort Rice on July 2nd Red Cloud signed the Treaty on the 6th of November, 1868, after 3 the Forts along the Bozeman were abandoned. Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse did not sign the Treaty The Black Hills were awarded to the Indians for good The Indian was the area of the Great Sioux Reservation awarded, about 240000 km² in Sioux and enclosed land in the today's federal states of Wyoming, South Dakota and Nebraska. Already in 1872 the Treaty started to crumble, as the army of engineers under the protection of U.S. troops to the area of the Great Sioux Reservation sent around a suitable way to explore for the railway. And in 1874, as Custer with about 1'000 soldiers marched into the Black Hills to look for gold, the Treaty was how many other treaties already wastepaper. The Treaty fixed the area of the whole today's state of South Dakota west of the Missouri River, including the Black Hills (from the north border in Nebraska up to the 46th degree of latitude and from the Missouri in the east up to the 104th meridian in the West) as an Indian's land (Great Sioux Reservation) to the unlimited and unmolested use and settlement by the Great Sioux nation. Land cessions should be possible only if at least three quarters of all adult male Sioux voted for it After 1876 the Sioux had to cede already their land along the Powder River. The Great Sioux Reservation became from then on smaller and smaller. Chief Washakie of the Shoshone succeeded in getting a Reservation for his tribe at the Wind River in Wyoming The Crow Indians ceded more than 100'000 km² land. With it the Crows owned another about 32' 000 km² land. | Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Hunkpapa (Lakota) Hunkpapa (Lakota) Hunkpapa (Lakota) Blackfoot Two Kettle (Lakota) Sans Arc (Lakota) Yanktonai (Western Dakota) Yanktonai (Western Dakota) Santee (Eastern Dakota) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Crow Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Eastern Shoshone | Red Cloud Man-afraid-of-his-horses American Horse Sitting Bull One Horn Spotted Elk Bull Bear Spotted Tail Red Leaf Swift Bear Standing Elk Running Antelope Gall Bear's Rib Fire Heart Long Mandan The one that has neither horn Two Bears Mad Bear Red Ensig Little Chief Dull Knife Washakie |
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| Signing of the Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868. Source: http://www.ask.com/wiki/Fort_Laramie_Treaty_%281868%29 | |||
| 19 May 1868 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868Major-General Augur remits the order to give up the 3 Forts along the Bozeman Trail | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Summer 1868 | Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868The conditions of Red Cloud for a peace were fulfilled. The Bozeman Trail and the Forts Reno, Phil Kearny and C.F. Smith were abandoned. Couriers were sent out to look for Red Cloud. John Richard, a Sioux half blood, found Red Cloud and about 3'000 warriors in the valley of the Gallatin-Valley. Afterwards most of the tribes gathered around Red Cloud of the Lakota appeared near Fort Laramie in southeastern Wyoming, only Red Cloud with his band of the'bath Faces' came only in spring, 1969 to Fort Laramie. | Oglala (Lakota) Blackfoot (Lakota) Two Kettle (Lakota) Sans Arc (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Hunkpapa (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| 29 July 1868 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868As a precondition of Red Cloud for the Treaty discussions Fort C.F.Smith was abandoned and burned down by the indians. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| 20 August 1868 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868Like Fort C.F.Smith Fort Phil Kearny was also abandoned. The empty Fort was burned down by the Lakota. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
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| Reconstructed Fort Phil Kearny in the North of Wyoming. Source: Thomet Daniel 2009 | |||
| End of August 1868 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868 - Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868After Fort Reno was cleared as well the Bozeman Trail was closed. With it Red Cloud was definitively a hero of the Lakota and could sign as a big winner the Treaty of Fort Laramie as the last chief. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
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| Interpretive sign at the former location of Fort Reno | |||
| 6 November 1868 | Red Clouds War 1866-1868 - Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868The Oglala under the leadership of Red Cloud signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie. Red Cloud kept up to the end of his life to the Treaty and never again fought against the U.S. Army. As soon as it became known that Red Cloud would sign the contract, about 600 warriors of Red Cloud separated and left his camp at the Powder River. Beginning in the summer of 1869, these warriors launched various attacks on settlers, farmers, and stagecoaches on the Wyoming prairies. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Begin of 1869 | Father de Smet visited Red Cloud at his village and persuaded him to visit in Washington President Grant. The trip impressed Red Cloud with lasting effect: The almost infinite number of the Whites, the houses, telegraph masts, gun boats, the railway. When Red Cloud came back, he had an invitation for a lecture tour in the pocket. Up to the end of his life Red Cloud traveled 7 times to the east coast. The trips led to the fact that Red Cloud realised that an armed opposition against the Whites is useless. The Whites were simply too strong. From this time on Red Cloud refused to fight against the Whites | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Spring 1869 | Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868Red Cloud camped with his'Bad Face' band of Oglalas along the North Platte River. Afterwards he rode with his most important warriors to Fort Laramie and signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868. On the way to the Fort Red Cloud made a stop at the big trading post and met Colonel William G. Bullock. The Colonel wanted to shake hands with Red Cloud. Red Cloud answered:'Wait my friend until I have washed my hands. My hands are bloody up to the elbow. I would like to wash my hands before I shake hands with somebody'. The Oglala spent the summer in the area of Fort Laramie | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| 1870 | Red Cloud visited for the first time Washington DC. After he had seen the almost infinite number of the Whites on the east coast and the military strength of the U.S. Army, he exerted himself from now on for the peace with the White man. Up to the end of his life Red Cloud should visit 7 times the US-president at Washington DC. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
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| Red Cloud (middle) during his visit in Washington. On his right sits American Horse. American Horse should die 6 years later in the battle of Slim Buttes. Source: http://www.mesoamerica.de/na-portraitgalerie/lakota-rc/redcloud.htm | |||
| Summer 1871 | Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868Red Cloud agency No 1 was established to the west of the today's City of Henry on the border between Nebraska and Wyoming. This Reservation was a component of the Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868. In 1873 Red Cloud agency No 1 was moveded in the area by Crawford. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| August 1873 | Red Cloud agency No 2 was moveded in the area of the today's City of Crawford along the White River in northwest Nebraska. The old agency had to be moved because of the Wave of immigration which was released by the new Union Pacific Railroad. The Red Cloud Agenda 2 was located approximately 30 miles west of the Spotted Tail Agency. After the murder of an Indian's agent the U.S. Army in March sent 1874 troops from Fort Laramie in Red Cloud agency No 2 and became in the camp Robinson (from late Fort Robinson it was stationed). Camp Robinson consisted of to tents in the surroundings Red Cloud agency No 2. After the murder of Crazy Horse in 1877 in camp Robinson Red Cloud agency No 2 agency the third spot was moveded. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| September 1875 | Great Sioux War 1876Auf Einladung der Allison Commission im Namen der US-Regierung versammelten sich ein paar Meilen östlich der Red Cloud Agency II in der Gegend des heutigen Crawford im Nordosten von Nebraska etwa 100 Reservationsindianer um über einen Verkauf der Black Hills zu verhandeln. Darunter waren Red Cloud und Spotted Tail. Beide waren willig, die Black Hills zu verkaufen. In einer Besprechung vor der eigentlichen Versammlung entschieden sich Sitting Bull und Crazy Horse, der Einladung nicht zu folgen. Trotzdem ritten 400'Northern Indians' zur Red Cloud Agency ('Northern Indians' wurden Indianer genannt, die noch frei und nicht in Reservationen lebten). On the 23th of September Little Big Man rode with warriors to the Red Cloud Agency II and threatened to kill everybody who intended to sign the Treaty. The proposal of the Commission was to cede the Black Hills for 1.75 million US dollars to the Whites. The Indians declined. Red Cloud made this alternative suggestion: The Black Hills should be ceded if the government supports the Sioux during th enext 7 generations. While to the negotiations about 10'000 Indians were present, of it, however, only about 400 northern Lakotas. Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse and Gall were not present. During the negotiations no arrangement was achieved. The Allison commission returned angry to Washington and recommended a fair price to pay of the Black Hills and to present this to the Indians as the last offer. The increasing stream of settlers and gold miners in the Black Hills put the U.S. government under pressure. According to the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868 this land belonged to the Indians and the U.S. government had commited itself to protect the Indians against possible intruders. | Hunkpapa (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) | Sitting Bull Red Cloud Long Horn Spotted Tail Little Big Man Crazy Horse |
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| Chief Little Big Man of the Oglala. Source: - Thomet Daniel 2010 | |||
| End of 1875 | Great Sioux War 1876In the area of the Black Hills lived about 15'000 gold miners. The U.S. Army patrolled in the area of the Black Hills in order to remove the gold miners. The U.S. Army took the job not more than half-hearted. The gold miners were decided to defend their new home and were, besides, very well armed. By the time the small tent camps became small villages and towns. So, for example, Deadwood in southwestern South Dakota. Deadwood originated in 1876 on account of the golden boom and also looks even today like a town of the time of the Wild West. | Hunkpapa (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) | Sitting Bull Red Cloud Crazy Horse |
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| Deadwood in southwestern South Dakota 1876. Source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadwood_%28South_Dakota%29 | |||
| 7 September 1876 | Great Sioux War 1876 - Battle of Slim Buttes 1876 - Crooks Horse Meat March 1876A commission headed by George Manypenny met in the Great Sioux Agency. The commission wanted to conclude a 'contract' with the Indians, with which they should cede the Black Hills and the not yet assigned to the US government areas in Montana and Wyoming. The next day, the Indians were threatened that the US government would refuse the rations if the Indians did not cede the Black Hills to the US government. The commission also planned to close the Great Sioux Reservation and send the Indians to Oklahoma for a new reservation. The commission was accompanied by a company of soldiers with attached bayonets and a cannon. The chiefs Red Cloud (Oglala Lakota) and Spottet Tail (Miniconjou Lakota) have no choice but to sign. This forced 'contract' was also contrary to the Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868, which prescribed for such contracts a 3/4 majority of all male Indians. On February 28, 1877, the US Congress ratified the treaty. With that, the Black Hills became the property of the United States. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| 8 September 1876 | Great Sioux War 1876 - Black Hills treaty 1876Eine Kommision unter der Leitung von George Manypenny traf in der Great Sioux Agency. Die Kommission wollte einen 'Vertrag' mit den Indianern abschliessen, mit dem diese die Black Hills sowie die noch nicht an die US-Regierung abgetretenen Gebiete in Montana und Wyoming abtreten sollten. Die US-Regierung zwang die Häuptlinge in den Reservationen, das bis jetzt den Indianern gehörende Land inklusive den Black Hills vertraglich aufzugeben. Die US-Regierung drohte anderenfalls die Ausgabe der Lebensmittel für die Indianer in den Reservationen zu stoppen. Der Vertrag von Fort Laramie sah für solche Bestimmungen eine 3/4-Mehrheit unter den Indianern vor, welche die US-Regierung einfach ignorierte. Die Verträge wurden an folgenden Daten unterzeichnet : - In der Spotted Tail Agentur am 23. September 1876 - In der Red Cloud Agentur am 26. September 1876 - In der Standing Rock Reservation am 11. Oktober 1876 - In der Cheyenne River Agentur am 16. Oktober 1876 Der U.S. Senat ratifizierte den 'Vertrag' am 28. Februar 1877 Aus Sicht der US-Regierung gehörten die Black Hills und das von den freien Indianern besetzt Gebiet der Indianer nun ihnen. Auch die Siedlungen und die Anwesenheit der Goldgräber in den Black Hills wurde damit legal. Die letzten freien Prärieindianer bewegten sich aus Sicht der US-Regierung nun in einem Gebiet welche der US-Regierung gehörte und nicht mehr den Indianern. General Sheridan erklärte von seinem Hauptquartier in Chicago aus den Indianern nun den totalen Krieg | Oglala (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Hunkpapa (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) | Red Cloud Sitting Bull Spotted Tail |
| 22 October 1876 | Great Sioux War 1876 - Surrounding of Red Cloud 1876Colonel Ranald Mackenzie received from General George Crook the order to disarm the agencies of Red Cloud and Red Leaf (Brule Lakota) and to confiscate the Ponies. This as a result of the fact that the big Indian village at the Little Big Horn River had received large support from Indians living in Reservations. Beside a few old guns 722 Ponies were confiscated and distributed among the Pawnee scouts, the rest was sold at the town of Cheyenne in Eastern Wyoming. After this action Red Cloud and his families had to walk back about 30 miles to their agency. Arriving hardly again at the agency, Red Cloud was stripped of power and replaced by Spotted Tail. General Alfred Terry confiscated at the Cheyenne River Agency (Miniconjou-Lakota) as well as in the Standing Rock Reservation (Hunkpapa-Lakota) all guns, ammunition and horses. | Oglala (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) | Red Cloud Red Leaf |
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| Chief Red Cloud of Oglala, photographed 1876 in the Red Cloud Agency. Source: - Thomet Daniel 2010 | |||
| 28 February 1877 | Great Sioux War 1876 - Black Hills treaty 1876Das Black Hills Abkommen wurde Gesetz. Die Indianer verloren das gesamte Gebiet rund um die heiligen Black Hills, total rund 40 Mio Acres Reservationsland. Darauf hin flüchtete Sitting Bull mit einer Hunkpapa-Gruppe nach Kanada. Die Black Hills gehörten bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt zur Great Sioux Reservation aufgrund des Vertrages von Fort Laramie 1868. Nur etwa 10% aller männlichen Lakota unterschieben das Abkommen, trotzdem verabschiedete der Kongress das Gesetz. Nötig gewesen wären gemäss dem Vertrag von Fort Laramie 1868 die Unterschriften von mindestens 3/4 aller Männer der Great Sioux Reservation. | Hunkpapa (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) | Sitting Bull Red Cloud Spottet Tail |
| October 1877 | After the murder of Crazy Horse Red Cloud agency was moved for the third time, this time to the Missouri-River after Süd-Dakota in the area of the spring of the Medicine-Creek, about 45 km to the south of today's Pierre. The agency was called Red Cloud agency No 3. Already in 1878 the agency was moved again and renamed in Pine Ridge Reservation, this time to her definitive location after Süd-Dakota as a result of the subdivision of the Great Sioux Reservation in 7 smaller Reservations. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| Autumn 1877 | The Red Cloud Agency II and the Spotted Tail Agency in Nebraska were moved to the new Red Cloud Agency III along the Missouri RIver in South Dakota. Red Cloud led 8'000 Oglalas to the east on the famous'path of tears'. However, a part of the Oglala marched not to their new Reservation along the Missouri, but to Canada. After only one year the Oglala were moved again, this time to the Pine Ridge Reservation. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| December 1878 | Northern Cheyenne Exodus 1877Red Cloud came to Fort Robinson to talk with the Cheyenne. He complained about the bad state of the Cheyenne. But Red Cloud could not help the Cheyenne | Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Oglala (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Dull Knife Red Cloud Left Hand Wild Hog |
| 27 October 1890 | Major General Nelson A. Miles (Commander of the Military Division of the Missouri) visited the Pine Ridge Reservation and tried to persuade the ghost dancers to give up their religion. Little Wound refused. Red Cloud himself did not attend the dances, but his son Jack Red Cloud was the head of the dance ceremonies in the Pine Ridge Reservation. | Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) | Little Wound Jack Red Cloud Red Cloud |
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| Pine Ridge Reservation and Badlands, South Dakota. Source: Wikipedia | |||
| 31 October 1890 | In the Rosebud Reservation, Short Bull told the Indians that due to the massive presence of the U.S. Army in the reservations he must shorten the time of the arrival of the 'New World'. The 'New World' was supposed to arrive in a month, rather than in spring 1891. He urged all ghost dancers to gather and dance between the Rosebud Reservation and the Pine Ridge Reservation on Pass Creek. The new Ghost Dancer shirts would protect the dancers from the bullets of the soldiers if they attacked. The Lakota started talking about a holy war against the whites. | Brule (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) | Short Bull Red Cloud Kicking Bear |
| 20 November 1890 | Due to the excitement, President Benjamin Harrison sent Brigadier General John Brooke with five infantry companies and three cavalry companies to the Pine Ridge Reservation and the Rosebud Reservation, the center of the Ghost Dance Movement. In addition, the Nebraska National Guard was deployed to oversee the southern border of the Pine Ridge Reservation. Colonel Miles was tasked with overcoming the crisis. For the first time in 12 years, the Indians faced again the U.S. Army. Nevertheless, the dances continued in the Pine Ridge Reservation, at least in the camps of Little Wound, Big Road and No Water. Little Wound was recognized as a leader. At the Big Foot and Hump camps on the Cheyenne River Reservation, approximately 600-700 Miniconjou Lakota are believed to have been ghost dancers. The ghost dancers in the Rosebud Reservation and Pine Ridge Reservations were forced to move to the 'Stonghold Tables' in the Badlands in South Dakota because of the high presence of U.S. Army units. The dancing places in the Badlands were relatively easy to defend. Here the Lakota danced on. | Oglala (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud Short Bull Little Wound Hump Big Foot Big Road No Water Kicking Bear |
| 12 December 1890 | Massacre at Wounded Knee 1890Chief Big Foot (Spotted Elk) was asked by Red Cloud, because of his ability as a diplomat, if he could come to the Pine Ridge Reservation and help settle the differences between the Indians and the White authorities. First, however, Big Foot did not intend to go to the Pine Ridge Reservation. | Miniconjou (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) | Big Foot Red Cloud |
| Spring 1893 | Old friends of Red Cloud, Samuel Deon and Charles Allen, started to document the life of Red Cloud. Red Cloud went blind in the meantime and was periodically interviewed at the Pine Ridge Reservation. | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| 1897 | Red Cloud visited for the last time the US-president in Washington DC | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
| 1909 | Red Cloud died at the age of 87 years at the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota | Oglala (Lakota) | Red Cloud |
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| Red Clouds grave with Red Cloud college in the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota. Source: Thomet Daniel 2010 | |||