|
| Book cover | Autor | Title | Description |
| Bild | Autor | Leer | Beschreibung |
| Date | Event | Tribe | Chief |
| Francisco de Coronado Expedition 1540-1542 - The Viceroy of New Spain commissioned the Franciscan monk Marcos de Niza to search once again for the legendary cities of Cibola. Esteban, one of the four survivors of Panfilo de Narvaez's expedition, served as his guide. His expedition started in Florida, but only 4 survivors arrived in Mexico in July 1536. 3 monks, Esteban and some Indians set off from Culiacan (Mexico). Esteban was sent ahead and soon found, as is assumed today, the 7 pueblos of the Zuni in Arizona. Esteban was killed there and Marcos de Niza returned. On his return, he met Francisco de Coronado, who had just become governor of the province of Nuevo Galicia. Marcos reported on his discoveries and Coronado wasted no time in planning an expedition.   | Zuni | - | |
23 February 1540  | Francisco de Coronado Expedition 1540-1542 - Francisco Vasquez de Coronado set off again on behalf of the Mexican viceroy in search of the '7 golden cities of Cibola'. Coronado set off from Compostelo (west of Mexico City on the Pacific coast) and marched north. On March 28, the troops reached Culiacan, about 450 km further north on the west coast of Mexico. Coronado's expedition consisted of 400 Spaniards, over 1,000 Indians, four Franciscan monks, a large herd of sheep and pigs. Here he divided his troops and, on May 15, moved ahead of the main force with 75 horsemen and 30 foot soldiers. After 10 days they reached the river Petatlan. From here on, the Spaniards were in unknown territory, they had never advanced this far before. | Zuni | - |
 | |||
| Francisco Vasquez de Coronado. Source: http://www.lanDorfthebrave.info/francisco-vasquez-de-coronado-facts.htm | |||
| 7 July 1540 | Francisco de Coronado Expedition 1540-1542 - Coronado finally reached Cibola with his expeditionary force. However, Cibola turned out to be just one of many villages of the Zuni Indians in the Zuni Mountains in western New Mexico, built of mud bricks, without the longed-for gold and the turquoises the size of pigeon eggs on the walls of the houses. The Spaniards called the Zuni village 'Hawikut'. On July 7, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado conquered one of the seven Zuni villages with around 200 houses and several hundred Zuni warriors without losing a single man. After the bold Spaniards, led by Coronado, had scaled the stair-like houses, the Zuni fled. By this time, however, the culture of the pueblos was already disappearing. The Zuni lived on corn, onions, beans and pumpkins. They also knew salt and kept wild turkeys. The Spaniards brought the turkey from the Zuni to Mexico and from there to Europe, from where it spread all over the world. With Coronado, the horse also returned to North America after it had become extinct during the last ice age. After about a century, the horses reached the Indians in the northern prairies. | Zuni | - |
| August 1540 | Francisco de Coronado Expedition 1540-1542 - From the Zuni pueblo in western New Mexico, Coronado initially set out with 3 expedition groups in different directions. After 30 days, 50 days and even 80 days, the 3 groups were to return to the pueblo. The 3 expedition groups set off in August. One group discovered the Mesas in the northwest of Arizona, a second group under the command of Don Hernando de Alvarado conquered the settlement of the Queres Indians in Acoma in western New Mexico and discovered the Tigua people. A third group discovered the Grand Canyon west of the Zuni pueblos. In search of the legendary seven Cities of Gold, he visited 71 Indian settlements. However, he found no gold and returned to Mexico broken and wounded in 1542. | Zuni Pawnee Queres Wichita | Tatarrax |
 | |||
| Coronado voyage 1540 - 1542 Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Coronado_expedition.jpg | |||
| August 1540 | Francisco de Coronado Expedition 1540-1542 - A delegation of Indians from Pueblo Pecos arrived at the Coronado expedition and offered their friendship to Coronado. A delegation accompanied the Indians back to Pueblo Pecos. In gratitude, Bigotes gave the Spaniards a captured Indian. The latter told the Spaniards wondrous stories of golden gemstones that were said to exist in Pecos. The Spaniards returned to the Pueblo Pecos and captured Bigotes. Bigotes was held captive and tortured for 6 months. From then on, the Pecos Indians were hostile to the Europeans. 2000 people lived in the Pueblo Pecos, 500 of them warriors. | Pecos | Bigotes |
| 7 September 1540 | Francisco de Coronado Expedition 1540-1542 - Alvarado and his party reached the Acoma pueblo about 50 miles west of the Rio Grande and Albuquerque. Alvarado reported that the Acoma initially refused to enter their territory even after he convinced them, but after Alvarado threatened to attack, the Acoma sentinels greeted the Spaniards peacefully, noting that they and their horses were tired. The encounter revealed that the Acoma had clothing made of deerskin, buffalo hide and woven cotton, turquoise jewelry, domestic turkeys, bread, pine nuts and corn. The village seemed to consist of about 200 men. | Acoma (Pueblo) | - |
| 7 September 1540 | Francisco de Coronado Expedition 1540-1542 - Alvarado and his party reached the Acoma pueblo about 50 miles west of the Rio Grande and Albuquerque. Alvarado reported that the Acoma initially refused to enter their territory even after he convinced them, but after Alvarado threatened to attack, the Acoma sentinels greeted the Spaniards peacefully, noting that they and their horses were tired. The encounter revealed that the Acoma had clothing made of deerskin, buffalo hide and woven cotton, turquoise jewelry, domestic turkeys, bread, pine nuts and corn. The village seemed to consist of about 200 men. | Acoma (Pueblo) | - |
| September 1540 | Francisco de Coronado Expedition 1540-1542 - In September 1540, an expedition group led by Garcia Lope de Cardenas discovered the Grand Canyon. Cardenas was one of three groups sent to explore the area around the Zuni pueblos in western New Mexico. Cardenas' group had previously arrived with the Hopi on the Little Colorado River in present-day Arizona. The Hopi provided Cardenas with a guide who led the expedition group to the Grand Canyon. | Hopi | - |
| September 1540 | Francisco de Coronado Expedition 1540-1542 - In September 1540, Coronado's second expeditionary group under Hernando de Alvarado encountered the Tigua Indians in the area of present-day Santa Fe in New Mexico. Alvarado advised his commander Coronado to spend the winter. . | Tigua | - |
| Winter 1540 | Francisco de Coronado Expedition 1540-1542 - The entire army of Coronado's expedition wintered in the pueblos of the Tiguas in the area of present-day Santa Fe. Coronado drove the Tigua from their pueblo of Alcanfor (in the area of the present-day village of Bernalillo, about 42 miles southwest of Santa Fe, New Mexico, also called Ghufoor or Coofor) to retrieve the 1,000 cattle, 3,000 sheep, hundreds of burros and mules, hundreds of hogs, about 300 Spanish soldiers and about 1,200 Indians. Coronado used this place as his headquarters until the beginning of 1542. At this time, the Tiguas had 12 pueblos along the Rio Grande to the Colorado border. In 1675, the Tiguas had to leave the pueblos after several years of drought. | Tigua | - |
| December 1540 | Francisco de Coronado Expedition 1540-1542 - Due to a harsh winter, supplies in the Pueblo Alcanfor of the Tigua became scarce, so they stopped trading with the Spaniards. The men and cattle of Corona's expedition continued to consume much of the corn stalks after the harvest, which were normally used by the Tigua in winter as fuel for cooking and heating. This action by the Spaniards triggered the Tigua war from January 1541 to April 1541. | Tigua | - |
| January 1541 - April 1541 | Francisco de Coronado Expedition 1540-1542 - The Tigua began to fight back, and the Spaniards under Coronado attacked a pueblo called 'Chiah', but were repulsed for the first time in years. Only when allied Indians dug underground tunnels into the pueblos, which the Spaniards filled with powder and blew up, did the Tigua retreat. Around 300 Tigua survived the attack and were abducted. Despite the promise to spare the surviving Tigua, Garcias Lope de Cardenas had pyres erected. When the Tigua realized their purpose, they began to flee. Around 100 Tigua were slain and the other 200 Tigua were burned alive. The Spaniards then besieged further Tigua pueblos. The Tigua defended themselves very well and the Spaniards were unable to take the pueblos even with cannons. Only when the Tigua ran out of water did they have to surrender. By March 1542, all the pueblos had surrendered. There was no more normal contact between the Tigua and the Spanish. | Tigua | - |
| 23 April 1541 | Francisco de Coronado Expedition 1540-1542 - Francisco Vasquez de Coronado set his army in motion from his winter quarters at the Tigua pueblos in New Mexico in search of 'Quivira'. It consisted of 200 armored horsemen, 60 infantrymen and around 1,200 Indian auxiliaries made up of Indians south of the Petatlan River, i.e. Indians from present-day Mexico. The troops were accompanied by 1,000 horses, donkeys and mules. 500 cattle, 5,000 sheep and several hundred pigs were also carried. The prairie began beyond the Rio Pecos in eastern New Mexico. | - | - |
| End of May 1541 | Francisco de Coronado Expedition 1540-1542 - Coronado's army encountered a very large herd of bison for the first time on the prairie east of the Rio Pecos in eastern New Mexico. Tens of thousands of bison roamed the prairie. The reason for the bison stampede was hunting prairie Apaches. Back then, the bison were hunted with burning torches. At the end of the large herd, the Apaches killed the sick and young animals that could not follow the herd. Such a hunt required at least 100 warriors. The Spaniards, on the other hand, had no problems following and killing the bison with their rifles and horses. The Spaniards learned from the Apaches that it was possible to make a fire with dried bison patties and roast meat on the almost woodless prairie. Although the fire only developed a weak blue flame, it was as warm as a wood fire. Horses kept escaping from the Spaniards, running wild on the open prairie and gradually being captured by the Indians. This is how the horses spread among the Indian tribes.  | Kiowa-Apache (Apache) | - |
| June 1541 | Francisco de Coronado Expedition 1540-1542 - Somewhere in the Canadian River area, in the far north of Texas, Coronado's expedition was hit by a heavy hailstorm during a stay in an Indian village, probably of the Wichita tribe - and that in June! One horse was killed, 11 wounded. Many Indians were injured, some children even killed. Many of the Indians' tents were torn up and destroyed. Afterwards, the ground was covered 3 handbreadths high with pieces of ice. Later, Coronado decided to ride with only 30 men in order to make faster progress. | Wichita | - |
| July 1541 | Francisco de Coronado Expedition 1540-1542 - Coronado's expedition finally reached Quivira, probably in the Lyons area of Kansas. Quivira, however, consisted only of densely packed, thatched huts, their frames made of branches and their roofs of tree trunks, the walls plastered with clay. The Indians traded dried meat for crops with their hunting neighbors and gathered wild oats, swamp rice, walnuts, plums and other fruits. Only a few grains of gold were found in the entire village. At least Coronado learns why he made the long journey for nothing: his guide lied to him. After the conquest of their pueblos by the Spaniards, the Tigua wanted to get rid of them for good. The chief of Coronado was promised the daughter of a Tigua chief as his wife if he would only lure the Spaniards as far away from the Tigua as possible. On the way there, all the Spaniards would perish down to the last man. And with the promise of golden roofs and precious stones, the Spaniards could be lured far away! Coronado returned to Mexico City. From then on, he stayed with his family and retired from government service. | Wichita | - |
| End of 1541 | Francisco de Coronado Expedition 1540-1542 - Together with the Franciscan monk Luis de Escalera, Coronado left some sheep in the Pueblo Pecos (in northern New Mexico). Escalera was to instruct the Indians in the Christian faith. | - | - |