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| Book cover | Autor | Title | Description |
| Bild | Autor | Leer | Beschreibung |
| Date | Event | Tribe | Chief |
| 1567 | Samuel de Champlain was born in Brouage on the west coast of France around this year. His exact year of birth is not known. Champlain was to found Québec in 1608. He is also considered the founder of French Canada.   | - | - |
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| Samuel de Champlain. Source: http://mrnussbaum.com/explorers/champlain/ | |||
15 March 1603  | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Samuel de Champlain was born around 1567 in Brouage, a port town in western France. Depending on the source, he undertook 23 to 29 voyages across the Atlantic to the New World (North America). Between 1603 and 1633, he made several voyages to what is now Canada. There he founded several settlements and traded furs with the Indians. Champlain and the French were allies of the Hurons, Montagnais and Algonquins. Champlain's most powerful opponents were the Iroquois. Champlain founded the city of Quebec in 1608. Champlain died in Quebec in 1635. | - | - |
| 15 March 1603 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - The French King Henry gave Aymar de Chastes the monopoly for trade with the Indians in North America. De Chastes served in the French army together with Samuel de Champlain. De Chastes hired Champlain for his journey to North America. On March 15, three ships under the command of Fran?ois Pontgrave left the port of Honfleur in France. | - | - |
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| A replica of the ship 'Don de Lieu' by Samuel de Champlain. Source: https://www.lanDorfthebrave.info/samuel-de-champlain-facts.htm | |||
| 27 May 1603 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - With Samuel de Champlain on board, the three ships under the command of Fran?ois Pontgrave reached the first French trading post in Canada on May 20 in Tadoussac, about 100 km northeast of present-day Québec. Tadoussac was built in 1600 by Pierre Chauvin. | - | - |
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| Champlain's 1603 expedition Source: https://darcynord.wordpress.com/tag/samuel-de-champlain/ | |||
| 27 May 1603 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - As soon as they arrived in Tadoussac, the French were invited to the house of Chief Anadabijou. The Indians celebrated the arrival of the French with a feast. The Indians served the French meat from moose, bear, wild goose, beaver and seal. The Indians ate with their fingers and Champlain found it disgusting! A few days later, the Montagnais Indians showed up at the Algonquin village to celebrate a recent victory over the Iroquois. | Algonquin Montagnais (Innu) | Anadabijou |
| 27 May 1603 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Agreement between France, Montagnais and AlgonquinAs soon as they arrived in Tadoussac at the mouth of the Saguenay, the French were invited to the house of the chief Anadabijou. The Indians celebrated the arrival of the French with a feast. The Indians served the French the meat of moose, bear, wild goose, beaver and seal. The Indians ate with their fingers and Champlain found it disgusting! A few days later, the Montagnais Indians showed up at the Algonquin village to celebrate a recent victory over the Iroquois. It was agreed with the Montagnais (Innu) and the Algonquins that the French would be allowed to settle in the territory of Québec. In return, the French assured the Algonquins and the Montagnais (Innu) of support in the fight against the Iroquois. | Algonquin Montagnais (Innu) | Anadabijou |
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| Village of the Algonkin Indians. Source: https://www.pinterest.ch/Glasgowrose/canadas-first-nations/. | |||
| June 1603 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - While Pontgrave's men traded furs with the Indians for European goods, Champlain sailed up the St. Lawrence River in a small boat. He found the former villages of the Iroquois, Stadacona and Hochelaga, deserted. Champlain was particularly impressed by the area where he would later found Quebec. | Iroquois | - |
| June 1603 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - While Pontgrave's men traded furs with the Indians for European goods, Champlain sailed up the St. Lawrence River in a small boat. He found the former villages of the Iroquois, Stadacona and Hochelaga, deserted. Champlain was particularly impressed by the place where he would later found Quebec. | Iroquois | - |
| September 1603 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Probably in October, the ships were loaded with furs and dried cod and returned to France. During the crossing, Champlain wrote the first of his five books. | - | - |
| October 1603 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Pontgrave and Champlain returned to France on the ships. The many furs and dried fish were sold at a profit on the French market. King Henry was so impressed by the results of the expedition that he approved colonization plans for 'New France'. | - | - |
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| Samuel de Champlain. Source: Wikipedia | |||
| October 1603 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - King Henry of Spain appointed Sieur de Monts to lead the new expedition to New France. De Monts financed the journey. In return, he was granted a monopoly on the fur trade for 10 years. De Monts appointed Champlain as geographer and cartographer. De Monts chartered two ships and recruited 120 workers, carpenters, stonemasons and soldiers. He also took two clergymen with him to convert the Indians to Christianity. The ships left France in March 1804. | - | - |
| May 1604 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - The two ships with Sieur de Monts and Champlain arrived in southeastern Nova Scotia. From there, the two ships sailed around the southern tip of Nova Scotia into the Bay of Fundy. De Monts obviously had no intention of founding a colony in the area of the St. Lawrence River that Champlain had explored in 1603! . | - | - |
| June 1604 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - In the Bay of Fundy, Champlain explored the bay with some men and discovered a sheltered place they called Port Royal, near today's Annapolis Royal. However, de Monts did not like this place. | - | - |
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| Nova Scotia. Source: https://www.backroads.com/trips/BNSQ/nova-scotia-biking-tour | |||
| 24 June 1604 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - On June 24 (St. John's Day), de Monts discovered a good harbor at the mouth of a large river. De Monts named the place St. John (in today's Canadian province of New Brunswick). But de Monts did not stay long. | - | - |
| Begin of July 1604 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Finally, de Monts found a place he liked. A few miles upstream from the mouth of the St. Croix River in Passamaquoddy Bay, he chose St. Croix Island (Maine, on the border with New Brunswick) as the site for the first permanent French settlement in 'New France'. | - | - |
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| Settlement de Monts on the island of St. Croix. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Tagishsimon/Gallery_-_Gutenberg_Books_16. | |||
| 2 September 1604 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - From St. Croix Island (Maine), Samuel de Champlain sailed south along the coast of Maine to Mount Desert Island with a small boat, 12 sailors and 2 Indian scouts. In total, Champlain made three voyages along the New England coast in search of a better place for a settlement. But the French did not find a suitable place. | - | - |
| Middle of September 1604 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Samuel de Champlain reaches the south coast of Cape Cod. On land, one of Champlain's men was pierced by an Indian arrow. The arrow was so powerful that the man was impaled by the arrow after it had already pierced his dog. | - | - |
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| Champlain's expeditions from Port Royal and St. Croix Island between 1604 and 1607 Source: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30257/30257-h/30257-h.htm. | |||
| September 1604 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Abenaki Indians met Samuel de Champlain in 1604 near the town of Bangor in the US state of Maine. | Abenaki | - |
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| Abenaki Indians. Source: http://indianspictures.blogspot.ch/2011/09/abenaki-indian-pictures.html | |||
| Winter 1604/1605 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - On the island of St. Croix, 35 of 79 men died of scurvy in the first winter of 1604/1605. Others died of other diseases. Fresh water and food had to be brought to the island from the mainland, as nothing grew on the island itself due to the sandy soil. And the water on the island was salty. | - | - |
| 18 June 1605 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - From St. Croix Island, Champlain and de Monts traveled south again along the coast of Maine. At the mouth of the Saco River in southwestern Maine, they discovered a village surrounded by palisades. The Indians cultivated corn, beans, pumpkins and tobacco. The corn was already about one meter high at this time. Champlain called the tribe 'Almouchiquois', probably Abenaki Indians. | Abenaki | - |
| 18 June 1605 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - From St. Croix Island, Champlain and de Monts headed south again along the coast of Maine. At the mouth of the Saco River, they discovered a village surrounded by palisades. The Indians were growing corn, beans, pumpkins and tobacco. The corn was already about one meter high at this time. Champlain called the tribe 'Almouchiquois', probably Abenaki Indians. | Abenaki | - |
| 21 July 1605 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Samuel de Champlain and de Monts reached Nauset Harbor (Massachusetts). He saw many Indians living in wigwams and growing corn, pumpkins, tobacco and beans. | Nauset (Wampanoag) | - |
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| Nauset beach. Source: http://www.imagekind.com/art/stunning/nauset-beach/artwork-on/fine-art-prints | |||
| End of July 1605 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Near present-day Chatham, Champlain and de Monts came across a large village of Nauset Indians. The visit to the Indians ended after four days with a battle in which a Frenchman died. Champlain's arquebus exploded, but he escaped with his life. After the battle, Champlain and de Monts returned to St. Croix. | Nauset (Wampanoag) | - |
| July 1605 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain and De Monts discovered the harbor of Boston (Massachusetts). | - | - |
| July 1605 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain and De Monts discovered Plymouth Bay in what is now the state of Massachusetts. An estimated 1,000 to 2,000 people lived in the area where the Pilgrim Fathers landed at the end of 1620. The Indians in this area fell victim to the epidemic of 1616-1619. The Pilgrims therefore found a deserted area here. | - | - |
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| Champlain's drawing of Patuxet Harbor 1605 (today Plymouth, Massachusetts). Source: https://medium.com/@atraymond87/unexpected-odysseys-in-new-england-before-1620-71256e6f24c4 | |||
| July 1605 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - When Champlain and De Monts explored what is now Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts in 1605, the Patuxet (Wampanoag) lived in several small villages north of Plymouth, between present-day Duxbury and Kingston. The Wampanoag called the place Patuxet, which means 'the place with the waterfall'. At that time there was a waterfall somewhere on what is now the Jones River. Squanto (Tisquantum) lived in one of these small villages before he and about 20 other Patuxet Wampanoag were captured by the Englishman Thomas Hunt in 1614 and sold as slaves to M?laga (Spain). | Patuxet (Wampanoag) | Squanto (Tisquantum) |
| August 1605 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Due to the poor location, the French left St. Croix Island in Maine and moved to Port Royal (Nova Scotia) in the territory of the Micmac Indians. Trade with the Penobscot continued and the Penobscot under their chief Bashaba formed a grand alliance with the Indians of the region. This enabled the Micmac to be pushed back. | Micmac Penobscot (Abenaki) | Bashaba |
| 12 September 1606 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain and Jean Biencourt left the island of St. Croix and rowed south. On September 21, they reached the Saco River. Here and further south, the French found ripe grapes, corn, pumpkins and artichokes. | - | - |
| 15 October 1606 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - From Port Royal, Champlain and Jean Biencourt discovered Cape Cod and Stage Harbor near Chatham in October 1606. Champlain's men were attacked here by around 400 Indians on October 15, 1606. 4 Frenchmen died. | Armouchiquois | - |
| 20 October 1606 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain and Jean Biencourt landed at the southernmost point of their journey, at Martha's Vineyard, southwest of Cape Cod (Massachusetts). | - | - |
| 14 November 1606 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Am 14. November war Champlain wieder in Port Royal (Nova Scotia). | - | - |
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| Champlain's settlement near Port Royal. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitation_at_Port-Royal. | |||
| 1606 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - There were always 20 to 30 Micmac Indians in the vicinity of Port Royal. Among them was the chief Henri Membertou. | Micmac | Henri Membertou |
| 11 August 1607 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - On August 11, 1607, the French had to abandon Port Royal. The reason: the Dutch and Basques did not recognize the French monopoly on the fur trade in North America. As a result, de Monts also lost the fur trade monopoly in North America and had to return to France. Champlain returned to France. He would later return to North America, but not to Nova Scotia, but to the St. Lawrence River. | - | - |
| Summer 1607 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - De Monts returned to France and left Francois Pontgrave in command of Port Royal. | Micmac | - |
| 5 April 1608 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - King Henry of France again granted de Monts the monopoly for the fur trade in North America. And again, de Monts chose Champlain to found a new colony in North America. On April 5, a ship under the command of Francois Pontgrave set sail from the port of Honfleur to bring furs to France and sell them as quickly as possible. This was to finance the expedition. A second ship with Champlain set sail on April 13 to found a new colony. The Franciscans (Recollet) Father Danis Janet, Joseph Le Caron and Jean Dolbeau sailed with Champlain. | - | - |
| June 1608 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Pontgrave and Champlain arrived in Tadoussac with two ships. In addition to the French, there were also Basques and Spaniards in Tadoussac who were also interested in the fur trade and did not recognize the French monopoly. While Pontgrave loaded his ship with furs for sale in France, Champlain sailed up the St. Lawrence River to the place where he wanted to establish the French colony. | - | - |
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| Champlain's arrival in present-day Quebec on July 3, 1608. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain. | |||
| 3 July 1608 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - On July 3, Champlain began building the village of Québec on the site of the former Iroquois village of Stadacona. Champlain found many walnut trees on this site, which he first had to cut down. The Quebec settlement consisted of three wooden houses. The houses were surrounded by a wooden palisade. 3 small cannons were intended to protect the fort from attacks from the river. | - | - |
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| Champlain drawing of Québec 1609 Source: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30257/30257-h/30257-h.htm. | |||
| Winter 1608 / 1609 | The first French settlement in North America, Quebec, was able to survive under the leadership of Samuel de Champlain, develop steadily and intensify the fur trade with the surrounding tribes such as the Montagnais, Algonquins, Hurons and Abenaki. 16 of the 24 men did not survive the first winter and died of scurvy and other diseases. Soon after, the second French settlement on the St. Lawrence River, Montreal, was established. The Iroquois were no longer in the valley of the St. Lawrence River at this time. Only the ruined palisades of their former villages and the cleared fields still reminded us of the Iroquois. The Iroquois were probably driven out by the Hurons, with the men being killed and the women and children integrated into the tribe. A practice that was later adopted by the Iroquois in order to replenish their own ranks. This made it possible for the French to expand from Tadoussac to Montreal without having to negotiate, conclude treaties or purchase land. In Québec, the French pursued the goal of earning money with the fur trade. Fishing was too unprofitable as the ice-free period in this region was simply too short. This made it impossible to compete with the fishermen who came to Labrador from the European coasts every spring. Their fish reached the European market much faster and they were able to sell much larger quantities. | Huron (Wendat) Montagnais (Innu) Iroquois Abenaki Algonquin | - |
| April 1609 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Agreement between France, Montagnais and AlgonquinThe Montagnais and Algonquins came to Québec and drew Champlain's attention to the treaty of 1603 (see Treaties -> Treaty between France, the Montagnais and the Algonquins 1603), in which the French promised to support them in a campaign against the Iroquois. Champlain agreed, as he was dependent on good relations with these tribes. The Arendahronons (Hurons, Wendat) from Huronia (Ontario) also pledged their support. | Iroquois Algonquin Huron (Wendat) Montagnais (Innu) | - |
| June 1609 | Battle of Lake Champlain 1609 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Samuel de Champlain set out from Quebec with 60 Montagnais, Algonquin and Arendahonon (Huron, Wendat) warriors to penetrate the Mohawk territory south of the St. Lawrence River and raid them. | Huron (Wendat) Mohawk (Iroquois) Algonquin Montagnais (Innu) | - |
| Begin of July 1609 Nicht erkannter Quellenhinweis | Battle of Lake Champlain 1609 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain reached the mouth of the Richelieu River. It was impossible to pass the waterfalls by boat. Champlain sent the boats to Québec. | Huron (Wendat) Mohawk (Iroquois) Algonquin Montagnais (Innu) | - |
| 12 July 1609 Nicht erkannter Quellenhinweis | Battle of Lake Champlain 1609 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain left the Chambly Basin area (east of Montreal) heading south. The war party consisted of 60 Hurons, Algonquins, Montagnais, Champlain and 2 other Frenchmen. | Huron (Wendat) Mohawk (Iroquois) Algonquin Montagnais (Innu) | - |
| Middle of July 1609 Nicht erkannter Quellenhinweis | Battle of Lake Champlain 1609 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Around mid-July 1609, Champlain reached a large lake. Champlain was so taken with this lake (Vermont) that he named it Lake Champlain. | Huron (Wendat) Mohawk (Iroquois) Algonquin Montagnais (Innu) | - |
| 30 July 1609 | Battle of Lake Champlain 1609 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - At 10 p.m. that evening, Champlain and the Indians noticed the Mohawk (Iroquois) for the first time at Crown Point on the western shore of Lake Champlain. Initially, both sides agreed not to start the fight until daylight. They danced all night long and covered the other side with pithy and demoralizing slogans. | Mohawk (Iroquois) Huron (Wendat) Algonquin Montagnais (Innu) | - |
| 30 July 1609 Nicht erkannter Quellenhinweis | Battle of Lake Champlain 1609 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - In the Battle of Ticonderoga, around 200 Mohawks (Iroquois) fought against 60 Hurons, Montagnais, Algonkins, Champlain and 2 other Frenchmen. Samuel de Champlain loaded 4 bullets into his arquebus and killed 2 Iroquois chiefs with one shot and seriously wounded a third chief. After the other two Frenchmen also opened fire, the Mohawks fled. After the battle, Champlain promised the Algonquins further support in the fight against the Iroquois. The Hurons captured 12 Iroquois and wanted to torture them to death. Champlain intervened, but was unable to prevent the torture. Even women and girls took part in the torture. The prisoners were tied to a stake for torture. The victim's fingernails were torn out. The victims were scalped. They tied burning torches to the victims' bodies. From then on, the Iroquois regarded the French as their arch-enemies. In the wars that followed, the Iroquois always sided with the English. It was not until 1701 that the Iroquois made peace with the French. This war between the Iroquois and the French lasted almost 100 years. . | Mohawk (Iroquois) Huron (Wendat) Algonquin Montagnais (Innu) | - |
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| Scene from the Battle of Ticonderoga in 1609. source: http://nyindependencetrail.org/stories-champlains-battle.html | |||
| May 1610 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Samuel de Champlain, together with Hurons, Montagnais and Algonkin, attacked a position of 200 Mohawks fortified with tree trunks in the area of the present-day village of Sorel-Tracy. Champlain and 8 other Frenchmen fired into the fortified position with their rifles. They succeeded in penetrating the fortified position and driving the Mohawks out. Again, Mohawks were captured and cruelly tortured to death. The prisoners were tied to stakes, then the nails were pulled out. The victims were slowly burned and their arms and legs were cut off. The severed body parts were fed to the dogs. | Algonquin Mohawk (Iroquois) Montagnais (Innu) Huron (Wendat) | - |
| June 1610 | Samuel de Champlain and Etienne Brule agreed that Brule should spend some time with the Algonquin Indians and learn their language and customs. Brule spent the winter in an Algonquin village under Chief Iroquet. | Algonquin | Iroquet |
| 13 June 1611 | Samuel de Champlain met Etienne Brule again in Quebec after Brule had spent a year with the Algonquin Indians. Brule then returned to the wilderness for four years. It is unclear where Brule stayed, but he probably traveled along the Ottawa River to Lake Nipissing and from there to Huronia. | - | - |
| 29 May 1613Nicht erkannter Quellenhinweis | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain left the Sault St. Louis area (Lachine Rapids) near the present-day town of Kahnawake (7 miles southwest of Montreal) and began to sail down the Ottawa River. | - | - |
| June 1613Nicht erkannter Quellenhinweis | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain reached Chaudiere Falls near present-day Ottawa. | - | - |
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| Chaudiere Falls near the present-day city of Ottawa. Source: http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?R=DC-PICTURES-R-805. | |||
| June 1613Nicht erkannter Quellenhinweis | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Above the mouth of the Madawaska River, Champlain left the Ottawa River and traveled northwest to Lake Muscrat. | - | - |
| July 1613Nicht erkannter Quellenhinweis | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain reached Lac Allumette. This was the end of his journey in 1613. Tessouät, a chief of the Algonquins, organized a feast in Champlain's honour. There was a stew of crushed corn, chopped fish and meat. Everything was cooked in a pot without salt. Each of the Indian guests brought a spoon and a wooden plate. Champlain, who feared for his health, asked for fish and meat so that he could cook for himself! Champlain then returned to France once more. He would not return to Québec until 1615. . | Algonquin | Tessouat |
| July 1615 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain returned to Québec by ship from France. Father Joseph le Caron accompanied him. From Québec, he made his way to the Hurons and their neighbors, the Tionnontate on Georgian Bay. The route led across the St. Lawrence River and the Ottawa River to Lake Nipissing and Georgian Bay, a tributary of Lake Huron. It took him two months to reach his allies. The many mosquitoes made the journey an ordeal. | Tionnontate (Wendat) | - |
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| Champlain's Route 1615/1616 Source: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30257/30257-h/30257-h.htm | |||
| 8 July 1615 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Without waiting for Champlain, the Jesuit priest Joseph Le Caron, some Huronian (Wendish) warriors and 12 other Jesuits set off for Huronia in canoes. | Huron (Wendat) | - |
| 9 July 1615 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain started his expedition to the Hurons in 1615 from Sault St. Louis, near the Lachine Rapids, southwest of Montreal. He accompanied two other Frenchmen, ten Hurons and two fully loaded canoes. | Huron (Wendat) | - |
| Summer 1615 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain reached Chaudiere Falls near present-day Ottawa. | - | - |
| Summer 1615 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain passed Pembroke and rowed on down the Ottawa River towards Lake Nipissing. | - | - |
| 26 July 1615 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain reached Lake Nipissing and camped for two days at the mouth of the Sturgeon River. | - | - |
| 29 July 1615 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain continued his journey on the French River towards Georgian Bay. At the mouth of the French River into Lake Huron (Georgian Bay), the men visited a camp of the Ottawa Indians. According to Champlain, the Ottawa were collecting blueberries to dry for the winter. | Ottawa | - |
| 30 July 1615 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain now paddled south along the eastern shore of Georgian Bay towards Huronia. | - | - |
| 1 August 1615 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain entered what is now Huronia territory on Georgian Bay in Ontario near the Huron (Wendish) village of Toanche (Outoucha) somewhere between Lafontaine Beach and Cawaja Beach. The exact place where Champlain went ashore is not known. Champlain visited more than 10 Huron villages, but only three can be identified with certainty: Tequenonquiaye, Carhagouhaand Cahiague. | Huron (Wendat) | - |
| 2 August 1615 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - On his way to the village of Tequenonquiaye, Champlain probably passed through the Huron village of Touagouainchain. | Huron (Wendat) | - |
| 3 August 1615 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain reached the Huron (Wendat) village of Tequenonquiaye. | Huron (Wendat) | - |
| 10 August 1615 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - From Tequenonquiaye, Champlain marched to the village of Carhagouha at what is now the southwestern end of Midland Bay near Midland, Ontario. A few days earlier, the Jesuit priest Joseph Le Caron had arrived in this village. The Jesuits called the village Mission St. Joseph. The village was surrounded by a triple wooden palisade about 10 meters high. | Huron (Wendat) | - |
| 12 August 1615 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Father Joseph Le Caron celebrated the first mass in today's Huronia in the village of Carhagouha / Mission St. Joseph. | Huron (Wendat) | - |
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| Father Joseph Le Caron celebrated the first mass in today's Huronia in the village of Carhagouha / Mission St. Joseph. Source: https://www.shutterstock.com/editorial/image-editorial/art-prints-illustrations-various-6051071hc. | |||
| 14 August 1615 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain and his 10 French colleagues began the march towards the village of Cahiague (Warminster Site). On his way, Champlain visited five Huron villages. All the villages were fortified with wooden palisades. | Huron (Wendat) | - |
| 17 August 1615 | Battle of Syracuse 1615 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain reached the village of Cahiague of the Arendahronon-Hurons (Wendat) in the northwest of Lake Simcoe. This was probably the village now known as the Warminster Site. The village was inhabited by about 5000 people and was probably the largest Huron village in Huronia. Cahiague means 'double village' in the Huron language. From Cahiague, Champlain recruited some Petun warriors for the fight against the Iroquois. After 16 days, Champlain left the Huron village (Wendat) with the Petun and began the march south to attack the Oneida. | Huron (Wendat) | - |
| 1 September 1615 | Battle of Syracuse 1615 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain left the Huron village of Cahiague with 16 Frenchmen and several hundred warriors and set out to attack the Oneida. | Huron (Wendat) | - |
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| Hurons with birch bark canoes. Source: http://www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/am-N-prim-nations/entw-u-chron/Palomino_indianerholocaust-N-amerika-chron-soziologisch.html. | |||
| 2 September 1615 | Battle of Syracuse 1615 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain reached the narrows between Lake Simcoe and Lake Couchiching ('The Narrows'). The Hurons caught many fish here with wooden fish traps and nets, which were dried for the winter. The Iroquois repeatedly used this isthmus ('The Narrows') between Lake Simcoe and Lake Couchiching as a route through to Huronia to attack the Hurons. | Huron (Wendat) | - |
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| Fish ladder as used by the Indians. Source: http://muskratmagazine.com/the-secrets-of-the-mnjikaning-fish-weirs/. | |||
| 8 September 1615 | Battle of Syracuse 1615 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - In the village of Cahiague, about 500 Huron and Algonquin warriors joined Champlain. | Huron (Wendat) Algonquin | - |
| September 1615 | Battle of Syracuse 1615 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain reached Sturgeon Lake in what is now Ontario. | Huron (Wendat) | - |
| September 1615 | Battle of Syracuse 1615 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain traveled on the Otonabee River to Rice Lake and from there on the Trent River to Lake Ontario. | Huron (Wendat) | - |
| September 1615 | Battle of Syracuse 1615 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - At Quinte Bay, the war party crossed Lake Ontario with Champlain. | Huron (Wendat) | - |
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| Champlain traveling with his Huron allies. Source: Pinterest. | |||
| Begin of October 1615 | Battle of Syracuse 1615 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - West of the present-day village of Pulaski on Lake Ontario, Champlain and the Hurons went ashore and hid the canoes. From there they marched south to Oneida Lake. | Huron (Wendat) Oneida (Iroquois) | - |
| Begin of October 1615 | Battle of Syracuse 1615 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - The fortified settlement of the Oneida was discovered southeast of Lake Oneida. | Huron (Wendat) Oneida (Iroquois) | - |
| 10 October 1615 | Battle of Syracuse 1615 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain, 11 Frenchmen and several hundred Hurons attacked the fortified Oneida village. Champlain had fortified wooden towers erected, from which armed Frenchmen fired over the 9-metre-high palisades into the Oneida village. The wooden palisades were burned down. . They did not succeed in setting fire to the village. The French marksmen did not have the desired success either. 2 Huron chiefs and 15 warriors were wounded. Champlain himself was wounded once in the knee and once in the thigh. The attack was broken off after three hours. | Huron (Wendat) Oneida (Iroquois) | - |
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| Battle of Syracuse 1615 Source: http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/events/7086. | |||
| 16 October 1615 | Battle of Syracuse 1615 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - The Hurons waited 5 days for the promised reinforcements of 500 friendly Indians. When these did not arrive, the wounded Champlain and the Hurons began their retreat. Champlain was transported on the back of an Indian. This caused Champlain the greatest pain of his life. | Huron (Wendat) Oneida (Iroquois) | - |
| 18 October 1615 | Battle of Syracuse 1615 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - The retreating Hurons and Champlain were caught in a snowstorm. At Lake Ontario, the warriors boarded the canoes they had left behind. Champlain wanted to row some canoes from Lake Ontario back to Québec. But the Hurons did not give Champlain any canoes. So Champlain and the French had to return with the Hurons to Lake Simcoe and spend the winter with the Hurons. | Huron (Wendat) | - |
| 23 December 1615 | Battle of Syracuse 1615 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - After the failed attack on the Oneida village, Champlain returned to the Huron village of Cahiague with the Huron and Algonkin warriors. | Huron (Wendat) Algonquin | - |
| Winter 1615/1616 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - After the Battle of Syracuse, Champlain spent almost a year with the Hurons in the village of Cahiague, about 10 miles northwest of Lake Simcoe. Champlain observed that the Hurons ate dog meat, bread made from cornmeal and corn on the cob roasted over a fire at feasts. The women did the hard work, while the men only hunted, built huts or went to war. Champlain also criticized the overly strict upbringing of children. The children were never punished and could do as they pleased. | Tionnontate (Wendat) | - |
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| Reconstruction of a Huron longhouse. Source: http://habitantheritage.org/native_americans/shelter. | |||
| 14 January 1616 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain leaves the Huron village of Cahiague and reaches the village of Carhagouha (Mission St. Joseph). | Huron (Wendat) | - |
| 15 January 1616 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain reached the Huron village of Carhagouha (Mission St. Joseph), where he met Father Joseph Le Caron again. Champlain and Le Caron decided to visit the Petun living west of the Hurons. That same day, Champlain and Le Caron left Carhagouha (Mission St. Joseph) and marched to the Petun. | Huron (Wendat) Petun (Wendat) | - |
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| Possible route from Champlain 1616 Source: https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/onhistory/2015-v107-n2-onhistory03909/1050633ar.pdf. | |||
| 16 January 1616 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - On his way to the Petunia, Champlain probably camped in the area of the Nottawasaga River. | - | - |
| 17 January 1616 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Samuel de Champlain, Father Joseph le Caron and other Frenchmen visited the main village of the Tionnontate near the present-day town of Creemore in Ontario (Melville site). The village was located in the northern part of Creemore, near the present-day reservoir. Champlain spent perhaps a week in this village and about three days in each of the other seven villages he subsequently visited. It is estimated that around 1200 to 1500 people lived in this village. Champlain noted that the Tionnontate were busy building two other villages in the middle of the forest (Sidey-Makay and Hamilton-Lougheed?) at the time of his visit. It is estimated that around 10,000 Tionnontates lived in the 8 or so villages surrounding the Tionnontate village in what is now Creemore. In 1616, the Tionnontate lived in 8 villages and two more villages were under construction. For unknown reasons, Champlain called the Tionnontate 'Petun Nation'. Later, the name 'Petun' was extended to all the tribes in 'Petun County' (the area from Collingwood on Georgian Bay to about Avening/Creemore). When Champlain visited, there were no tobacco fields in the Tionnontate village. The many other Frenchmen who stayed in 'Petun County' also never saw tobacco fields near the Tionnontate. | Tionnontate (Wendat) Petun (Wendat) | - |
| 20 May 1616 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain set off on his return journey to Québec. On June 14, he reached Sault St. Louis, southwest of Montreal. Champlain returned to Québec in July 1616. | Petun (Wendat) | - |
| Summer 1616 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Samuel de Champlain again visited the Ottawa, who lived west of the Hurons, i.e. west of Georgian Bay, in the area of Sault Ste. Marie. | Ottawa | - |
| 1616 | According to the first observations by whites, the Ottawa lived on Manitoulin Island, north of Lake Huron and along the north and south shores of Georgian Bay. | Ottawa | - |
| Summer 1620 | Samuel de Champlain returned to New France once again and lived in Quebec for the next four years. This time he took his young wife with him. However, his wife was never able to get used to the harsh living conditions in this region. | - | - |
| 1624 | Champlain returned to France with his wife. | - | - |
| 1626 | On his return to Québec, Champlain discovered that Québec was in ruins. He immediately had the fort repaired and new buildings erected. | - | - |
| 1626 | In Québec, 22,000 skins were traded this year. | - | - |
| Summer 1628 | Conquest of Quebec by the British 1629 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - An English fleet under the command of David Kirke destroyed a French fleet at Port Royal. Port Royal was occupied by 20 Frenchmen and taken without much resistance. | - | - |
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| David Kirke. Source: Pinterest. | |||
| Summer 1628 | Conquest of Quebec by the British 1629 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - The English fleet under David Kirke conquers the French trading town of Tadoussac. Kirke called on Champlain in Quebec to surrender. Champlain refused on the grounds that he had enough men, weapons and food to defend himself. Kirke was deceived and did not attack Quebec. In the following months, Kirke prevented French ships from sailing to Quebec. These were to bring hundreds of settlers and many food supplies to Quebec. Champlain slowly ran out of food, weapons and equipment in Quebec. | - | - |
| 1628 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - In the spring of 1628, there were around 55 men, women and children living in Québec. There was a shortage of food. The small settlement was dependent on supplies of food and goods from France. Once again, Champlain was expecting ships from France. In the spring, 6 ships were sighted further north. However, they were not French, but English ships. | - | - |
| 20 July 1629 | Conquest of Quebec by the British 1629 - Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Once again, an English fleet under David Kirke sailed from Port Royal to the St. Lawrence River with 3 ships and 100 men and this time conquered Québec. The French thus temporarily lost their claims in North America. There was no more battle for Quebec, as Champlain surrendered beforehand. Champlain was captured and taken to England. At the end of the war, Champlain returned to France. It was not until the Treaty of St. Germain-en-Lave that the territories conquered by the English in North America were returned to the French. The reason for this was that the war ended in April 1629, but Quebec and Port Royal were not conquered until the summer and the end of July respectively. Up to this point, both the French and the English had little interest in settlement, only economic interests in the fur trade. | - | - |
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| Shortly after the arrival of the three English ships, Champlain hoisted the white flag. Québec was handed over to the English. Source: http://www.mcq.org/place-royale/en/themes.php?id=3. | |||
| 23 March 1632 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Samuel de Champlain left France for the last time a few days before the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (return of New France from England to France) and sailed to Québec. Québec had to be rebuilt. The English did not take care of the buildings and houses for 3 years. So Champlain had new warehouses and a church built. | - | - |
| 29 March 1632 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1632The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye officially ended the Anglo-French War. In this treaty, New France (Quebec and Nova Scotia) was returned to France by the English. | - | - |
| 1633 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - The population of Québec amounted to 2,500 people. | - | - |
| 1634 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Champlain commissioned his fellow countryman Sieur de Laviolette to found the Trois-Rivieres trading post between Québec and Montréal. | - | - |
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| Trois Rivieres, between Montréal and Québec. Source: https://echo.franco.ca/nouvellefrance/index-Id=32837 | |||
| October 1635 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Samuel de Champlain suffered a stroke in Quebec. | - | - |
| 25 December 1635 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Samuel de Champlain died in Quebec at the age of 68. | - | - |
| 1642 | The Mohawks, now equipped with more rifles, attacked Quebec with their new battle tactics in order to cut off the Huron's supply of rifles. The new battle tactic consisted of no longer allowing any accumulations of warriors, but instead proceeding in a kind of disbanded line of riflemen and taking the enemy under fire from various cover positions, occupying the embrasures from the outside and thus firing into the interior of the fortification. | Mohawk (Iroquois) Huron (Wendat) | - |