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| Book cover | Autor | Title | Description |
| Bild | Autor | Leer | Beschreibung |
| Date | Event | Tribe | Chief |
| 1610 | The Ojibwe (Chippewa) pushed the Sioux out of the Upper Lakes region to the south and west. Through trade with the French, the Chippewa came into possession of rifles early on and were able to hold their own against all enemies throughout the Great Lakes region thanks to their firepower. For their part, the Sioux pushed back the Cheyenne and Arapaho from Minnesota to the Missouri. Originally, the Sioux consisted of 7 autonomous groups, but they were in contact with each other: - Santee-Dakota (Eastern Dakota: Mdewakanton, Sisseton, Wahpekute and Wahpetonwan). They lived along the Minnesota River. - Yankton-Dakota and Yanktonai-Dakota (Western Dakota). These had left the Great Lakes woodlands for the prairies east of the Missouri and lived between the Santee and the Lakota - Even further west lived the Teton (or Lakota, 7 tribes). The French called the Lakota and Dakota Sioux, in reference to the word 'enemy' of the Chippewa.   | Ojibwe Cheyenne Arapaho Yankton (Western Dakota) Yanktonai (Western Dakota) Wahpeton-Santee (Eastern Dakota) Mdewakanton-Santee (Dakota) Sisseton-Santee (Eastern Dakota) Wahpekute-Santee (Eastern Dakota) Oglala (Lakota) Hunkpapa (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Sans Arc (Lakota) Two Kettle (Lakota) Blackfoot (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Santee (Eastern Dakota) Sioux | - |
| About 1780 | The Arapaho lived along the Cheyenne River (South Dakota) and in Minnesota and practiced agriculture until they were driven out by the Cheyenne around 1780. | Arapaho | - |
| 1781 | From 1781 to 1792, the Arapaho migrated from the Cheyenne River and Minnesota to the Little Big Horn River. | Arapaho | - |
| 1793 | The Arapaho migrated from the Little Big Horn River (1793) to the South Platte River, where they arrived around 1812. | Arapaho | - |
1795  | The French trader Jean Baptiste Trudeau lived for a short time with the Arikara above the Grande River on the border between North and South Dakota. He noticed that every spring Sioux from the St. Peter area (Minnesota) came to the Arikara to trade their horses for guns, clothing, metal kettles and other items. In addition, every August about 1,500 Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho came to the Arikara village, bringing bison blankets, fat and hides, which they in turn traded for goods that the Arikara received from the Sioux. At this time, the Cheyenne were already prairie Indians who lived in tipis and hunted buffalo. Around 1700, the Cheyenne were still living in adobe houses on the Sheyenne River in eastern North Dakota. | Arikara Cheyenne Arapaho Sioux | - |
| 8 October 1804 Nicht erkannter Quellenhinweis | Lewis and Clark 1804-1806 - Lewis . | Arikara Arapaho Comanche Kiowa Osage Tawehash (Wichita) | - |
| 1828 | First, the Comanche under Bull Hump drive the horses of the Cheyenne from their village on Bijou Creek (in the area of today's Fort Morgan, Colorado). Then the Cheyenne under Little Wolf search for and find the Comanche village on the Huerfano River (Colorado) and drive away a large number of the Comanche horses, also recapturing the horses stolen from them. Only a few Comanches pursued the Cheyenne, but were unable to retrieve the horses. | Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Comanche Arapaho | Little Wolf Bull Hump |
| 1830 | The Cheyenne and Arapaho met the Comanche and Kiowa for the first time on the Arkansas River. After 10 years, it became apparent that the Comanche and Kiowa were unable to stop the Cheyenne and Arapaho. In 1840, the 4 tribes were to conclude a peace treaty with the help of William Bent. Like the French, this time it was an American who brought peace to the feuding Indian tribes. | Comanche Kiowa Cheyenne Arapaho | - |
| 1833 | Ouray, the later chief of the Uncompaghre Ute Indians, was born in the Taos area to the Jicarilla Apache tribe. He was later abducted by Ute Indians and grew up as a Genizaro, probably in Taos or Abiquiu. He learned Spanish, English, Apache and Ute languages. In the 1940s, Ouray distinguished himself as the leader of the Ute in the fight against the Cheyenne and Arapaho. In 1864 he became chief of the Ute Uncompaghre. | Uncompahgre (Ute) Cheyenne Arapaho Jicarilla (Apache) | Ouray |
| 1833 | William and Charles Bent founded Bent's Old Fort on the Arkansas River in eastern Colorado. The two brothers mainly wanted to trade with the Arapaho and Cheyenne. . From 1848, the Santa Fe Trail was flooded with people due to the peace with Mexico. The Cheyenne moved to the prairie and trade at the fort collapsed. The fort was abandoned and destroyed in 1849. | Cheyenne Arapaho | - |
| Summer 1838 | In revenge for the killing of 38 Bowstring Cheyenne warriors in 1837, the Cheyenne and Arapaho raided a large Kiowa, Comanche and Kiowa-Apache camp on Wolf Creek. On the way to the large camp, the Cheyenne and Arapaho killed 31 Kiowa men and women. The women were searching for roots, the men were hunting buffalo. The Cheyenne and Arapaho attacked the large camp, but were unable to capture it. | Cheyenne Arapaho Kiowa Comanche Kiowa-Apache (Apache) | Porcupine Bear |
| 1838 | (San Juan Mountains / Southern Colorado). The Cheyenne and Arapaho searched for the Kiowa and Comanche camp and found it at Wolf Creek. About 58 Kiowa and Comanche were killed, the Cheyenne and Arapaho lost about 14 warriors. The tribes did not make peace with each other until 1840. | Cheyenne Arapaho Kiowa Comanche | - |
| 1838 | Arapaho and Cheyenne fight a major battle at the confluence of the Beaver River and Wolf Creek in Oklahoma. | Arapaho Cheyenne Comanche Kiowa | - |
| 1840 | Cheyenne, Arapaho, Comanchen, Kiowa 1840At Fort Bent, the Kiowa Apache, Kiowa and Comanche made peace with the Cheyenne and Arapaho. This peace has never been broken. In the conflicts before the peace, the Cheyenne / Arapaho were mostly outnumbered, as the Apache / Kiowa / Comanche already had horses and rifles, which they had taken from the Texans. The Cheyenne and Arapaho were mostly still on foot, and that in the vast prairie! Chief Satank of the Kiowa played a central role in the negotiations, as did William Bent. The Cheyenne and Arapaho received thousands of horses from the Comanche and thus developed into a true equestrian nation. | Cheyenne Kiowa-Apache (Apache) Comanche Kiowa Arapaho | - |
| Middle of August 1841 | 35 trappers repelled the attack of a large number of Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho at the mouth of Battle Creek in the Little Snake River. Henry Fraeb was among the trappers. | Lakota Cheyenne Arapaho | - |
| 21 August 1841 - 27 August 1841 | Again 23 trappers were attacked east of the mouth of Battle Creek in the Little Snake River by a large number of Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho. Henry Fraeb died at the beginning of the raid. Jim Baker took over the leadership of the trappers. Three trappers died in the battle. The Indians only withdrew on August 27. | Lakota Cheyenne Arapaho | - |
| 8 July 1842 | John Charles Fremont Expeditions 1842-1846 - Fremont met Arapaho who hunted buffalo. L. Maxwell had previously lived with the Arapaho. | Arapaho | - |
| 8 July 1842 | John Charles Fremont Expeditions 1842-1846 - Fremont's expedition was a guest in an Arapaho and Cheyenne village, probably in the area of Prewitt Reservoir, Colorado. The village consisted of about 120 tents. The Cheyenne were guests in the village with about 20 tents. | Arapaho | - |
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| Village of the Arapaho. Artist John Walter Scott. Source: https://americangallery20th.wordpress.com/2010/07/20/john-walter-scott-1907-1987/. | |||
| 22 June 1844 | John Charles Fremont Expeditions 1842-1846 - Fremont met Ute Indians in South Park (Wyoming) at noon, who told him that their village was fighting Arapaho on the other side of the ridge. There were about 300 Ute warriors in the village. | Ute Arapaho | - |
| 1848 - 1849 | Treaty of Fort Laramie 1851The discovery of gold in California in 1848 led to a wave of immigration through the land of the Plains Indians. The end of the border conflict between the USA and England over the state of Oregon in 1846 was another reason for the long treks along the Platte River to Oregon and California. The government rightly feared bloody clashes with the Plains Indians and invited them to a peace conference. This took place in Fort Laramie in 1851. The government hoped that the treaty would lead to fewer raids on the wagon trains. | Lakota Crow Assiniboine Shoshone Cheyenne Arapaho Oglala (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Arikara Hidatsa Mandan | Red Cloud |
| 1849 - 1854 | During these 5 years, a cholera epidemic raged among the Plains Indians. | Crow Comanche Cheyenne Arapaho Pawnee Lakota Kiowa | - |
| 1849 | Bent's Old Fort on the Arkansas River in eastern Colorado was destroyed under unexplained circumstances. | Cheyenne Arapaho | - |
| 1849 | Treaty of Fort Laramie 1851In that year alone, around 22,500 settlers with around 60,000 cattle traveled along the California Trail to California. Along the way, the settlers used up the sparse supplies of firewood on the prairie and built fireplaces. The cattle ate almost all the grass in the area. The Northern Shoshone also noticed this when they returned from their annual buffalo hunt from Montana and Wyoming. The settlers followed the Oregon Trail from the Missouri River via Fort Laramie along the Platte River to Soda Springs in southern Idaho. This route led right through the territory of the Pawnee, Oglala and Brule, Cheyenne and Arapaho, as well as the Northern and Eastern Shoshone. This prompted the US government to negotiate, which led to the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851. From Soda Springs (about 60 miles southeast of Fort Hall), settlers could follow three different routes. One route was the California Trail to the west. The Oregon Trail led north towards Oregon. And the Mormon Trail led mainly the Mormons to Salt Lake City in Utah. | Northern Shoshone Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Cheyenne Arapaho | Red Cloud Smoke |
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| Oregon Trail. Source: http://www.univie.ac.at/Anglistik/easyrider/data/parkoret.htm. | |||
| 17 September 1851 | Treaty of Fort Laramie 1851After the dispute with England over the boundary of the state of Oregon was settled in 1846 and gold was discovered in California in 1848, long wagon trains began to travel along the Platte River to Oregon and California. The government hoped that the treaty would reduce raids on the wagon trains. The treaty stipulated that the Great Plains belonged to the Indians as long as 'the rivers flow and the eagles fly'. In return, it was agreed that the Oregon Trail could be used by the white immigrants. In return, the Indians were to receive annual payments of 50,000 US dollars for the next 50 years. The treaty also permitted the construction of forts and roads on Indian territory. The Senate ratified the treaty in 1853 with one amendment: the payments were to last only 10 years. All tribes except the Crow agreed. The Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1851 is also known as the Horse Creek Treaty. Since more than 10,000 Indians showed up for the treaty negotiations with at least as many horses, the negotiations were moved to the mouth of Horse Creek, about 30 miles east of Fort Laramie. Many tribes never received the agreed upon annual payments. Over the next 10 years, a series of forts were built along the Platte River. Then came the wagon trains, the stagecoaches, then the pony express riders, and finally the telegraph poles. As a result, first the game and then the bison were gradually driven out of the area. In 1858, gold was discovered at Pike Peak and immigration increased, and it was agreed in the treaty that the Great Plains would belong to the Indians as long as 'the rivers flow and the eagles fly'. In return, it was agreed that the Oregon Trail could be used by the white immigrants. In return, the Indians were to receive annual payments of 50,000 US dollars for the next 50 years. The treaty also permitted the construction of forts and roads on Indian territory. The Senate ratified the treaty in 1853 with one amendment: the payments were only to be made for 10 years. All tribes except the Crows agreed. Many tribes never received the agreed upon annual payments. Many forts were built along the Platte River over the next 10 years. Then came the wagon trains, the stagecoaches, then the pony express riders and finally the telegraph poles. This drove the deer and bison out of the region. In 1858, gold was discovered on Pike Peak, south of Denver, Colorado, and immigration continued to increase. Under the treaty, the tribes undertook to no longer wage war against each other. The treaty also set fixed boundaries for the tribes. It can be assumed that the Indians hardly knew what they were actually signing. It was inconceivable that the Hunkpapa, for example, would suddenly stop waging wars against the Crow and Assiniboine. These traditions had become too engrained in the lives of the Indians over the last few centuries. As a result of the treaty, the tribal territory of the Crow Indians of 144,000 km. The contract provided for several payments. However, the US government only made one payment and thus breached the contract. The Assiniboine were given a reservation between the Musselshell River and the Yellowstone River. | Oglala (Lakota) Crow Assiniboine Shoshone Brule (Lakota) Arapaho Gros Ventre Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Brule (Lakota) Arikara Hidatsa Mandan Assiniboine Assiniboine | Big Robber Little Owl White Antelope Conquering Bear Iron Bear Four Bears White Wolf First Fly Crazy Bear |
| Summer 1852 | Cheyenne, Plains Apache, Lakota, Arapaho and Kiowa attacked the Pawnee near present-day Smith Center, Kansas. The Cheyenne participated with more than 230 warriors. The war party stayed in Pawnee territory for about two weeks. The Pawnee were hunting buffalo along Beaver Creek. The charismatic Alights-on-the-Cloud was killed in the battle. | Cheyenne Pawnee Kiowa Arapaho Lakota Kiowa-Apache (Apache) | Alights-on-the-Cloud |
| Summer 1853 | William and Charles Bent abandoned Bent's Old Fort in 1849 and built a new fort, Bent's New Fort, 65 km downstream. The fort was about 60 m long and 45 m wide. In 1859, the Bent brothers leased the fort to the American army for 65 dollars a month. In 1860, Fort Lyon was built just a mile away by Major John Sedgwick. | Cheyenne Arapaho | - |
| 1855 | The Cheyenne and Arapaho joined the Oglala. Together, the three tribes attacked the Omaha on the Loup River in central Nebraska. | Oglala (Lakota) Cheyenne Arapaho | - |
| Summer 1858 | William, Oliver and Levi Russel, John Beck and a group of Cherokee Indians found gold in significant quantities for the first time in Colorado at the mouth of Little Dry Creek in the South Platte River in the Englewood area of present-day Denver, Colorado. By the time the state of Colorado was founded on February 28, 1861, some 100,000 prospectors, gamblers, etc. had come to the area due to rapid population growth. These immigrants mainly came to the area via the immigration routes along the Platte River. However, this area had been granted to the Indians by the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851. The growing number of immigrants through the Indian Territory later led to conflicts between the Indians of the southern prairies and the US Army. In 1859, the first small town of Denver City was established in the gold prospectors' territory. From here, gold prospectors ventured into the mountains around Denver City. In the Treaty of Fort Wise of 1861, the US government attempted to buy the land from the Cheyenne and Arapaho, which was Indian land on the one hand, but also belonged to the newly founded state of Colorado on the other. | Cheyenne Arapaho | - |
| Summer 1858 | When Oglala scouts discovered 50 wandering families to the east of their camp, around 300 warriors rode towards the village. It turned out that they were Arapaho Indians who wanted to visit their relatives in the north, the Gros Ventres. The Arapaho were moving northeast from Slim Butte. However, as the Oglala had always been the enemies of the Gros Ventres and the Arapaho and the Gros Ventres were allies, the Oglala now attacked the Arapaho. All Arapaho warriors were killed, women and children taken prisoner. This was revenge for the failed Oglala attacks on the Gros Ventres and Arikara. | Oglala (Lakota) Arapaho | Red Cloud |
| May 1859 | The Arapaho under their chiefs Little Raven and Left Hand visit the newly founded small town of Denver. At this time, the Arapaho were confronted with about 100,000 gold seekers who were in their territory because of the gold discoveries. Little Raven said that he was happy about the gold discoveries in the area and liked the whites, but he also expressed the hope that the whites would not stay too long. After all, the area around Denver had always been their tribal territory. | Southern Arapaho (Arapaho) Southern Arapaho (Arapaho) | Little Raven Left Hand |
| 18 February 1861 | Treaty of Fort Wise 1861The Cheyenne and Arapaho (from the upper Kansas region) ceded the land promised to them in the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie to the USA (!). The new reservation was about 1/13 the size of their original reservation, which had been promised to them in the 1851 treaty (in eastern Colorado, between the Sand Creek River and the Arkansas River). Fort Lyon was located in the reservation area. The Arapaho demanded that the fort be moved to the northern border of the reservation. However, the War Department never responded to this demand. Only 6 of the 44 Cheyenne chiefs signed the treaty. The Dog Soldiers of the Southern Cheyenne and other groups never signed the treaty and continued to live outside the reservation, east of Colorado and west of Kansas. As usual, the US government regarded the non-signatory Indians as enemies and treated them accordingly. These disagreements would lead to the Colorado War in 1864. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Arapaho (Arapaho) Arapaho Arapaho Arapaho | Black Kettle White Antelope Lean Bear Little Wolf Tall Bear Left Hand Little Raven Storm Shave-Head Big Mouth |
| 7 June 1862 | Beginning the first week of June 1862, the newly constructed Platte Bridge Station was garrisoned by Company D of the 6th Ohio Volunteer Cavalry. The fort's mission was to protect the personnel and goods of the Overland Mail Company and the Pacific Telegraph from Indian raids (Arapaho, Oglala (Lakota), Northern Cheyenne and Southern Cheyenne). | Arapaho Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho Oglala (Lakota) | - |
| 1863 | The second governor of Colorado, John Evans, let his citizens know that all Indians in Colorado were to be killed and destroyed wherever they were found. No distinction was to be made between friendly and hostile Indians. Governor Evans thus paved the way for the massacre at Sand Creek in 1864, in which Colonel Chivington murdered peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho at Sand Creek with precisely this attitude. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho | - |
| Spring 1864 | The Civil War was still raging in the USA. From 1861 onwards, more and more bluecoats invaded the hunting grounds of the Indians in search of the graycoats (southerners), even reaching the remote hunting grounds on the Smoky Hill River in the spring. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho | - |
| 28 June 1864 | The governor of Colorado, Evans, sent letters to the peaceful Indians asking them to move close to the fort to avoid being attacked by the army. This was to prevent peaceful Indians from being accidentally killed. The White Father in Washington was very angry that the Indians had started a war (...). The dispatch riders had several weeks to get the message to the scattered Indians. The Cheyenne and Arapaho were to go to Fort Lyon, the Kiowa and Comanche to Fort Larned. At both locations, the Indians were to receive rations from the US Army. During this time, the wagon trains on the immigration route between Fort Laramie and Julesburg as well as Fort Larned and Fort Lyon were attacked by Indians. Many of these raids were carried out by Sioux (especially Brule) who came south from the north out of indignation at General Sully's punitive expedition. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho Kiowa Comanche | - |
| Begin of July 1864 | In the Platte River area and along the Arkansas River, there were repeated raids by the Indians, especially the Kiowa, Comanche, Arapaho and Lakota (Brule and Oglala). The Cheyenne moved to the Republican River during this time and also took part in the raids from there. These raids quickly made themselves felt by the immigrants, the freight wagons and the mail riders. The mail and freight traffic along the Platte River had a station about every 12 miles, with farms and ranches between the stations. All the freight for Colorado, Oregon, California, Utah and the new mines in Montana was transported along the same route. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Kiowa Comanche Apache Oglala (Lakota) Arapaho Brule (Lakota) | - |
| 26 September 1864 | Chief Black Kettle, White Antelope, Bull Bear, Neva and the Arapaho chiefs ride with Major Wynkoop to Denver to talk to Governor Evans and Colonel Chivington. Neither promised peace, however. Both were of the opinion that the Indians would have to be punished severely before peace could be achieved. Chivington and Wynkoop did not see eye to eye. Wynkoop was ready for peace and a good friend of Black Kettle, while Chivington was thinking of war and raising a regiment with a limited service of 100 days. Back at Fort Lyon, Major Wynkoop promised the Indians peace and protection from the US Army. The peaceful Indians were to settle in the vicinity of Fort Lyon. While about 650 Arapaho moved into the vicinity of Fort Lyon, the Cheyenne under Black Kettle camped on Sand Creek, 65 kilometers northeast of Fort Lyon. While the Indians were still approaching Fort Lyon, Major Wynkoop was relieved of his post and replaced by Major Anthony, an officer of Chivington's Colorado Volunteers. The reason: Major Wynkoop's friendly treatment of the Indians was strongly condemned by the US Army headquarters. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Cheyenne | Black Kettle White Antelope Bull Bear Neva |
| 17 October 1864 | Like Colonel Chivington, Major Scott Anthony, the new commander of Fort Loyon, was of the opinion that the rebellious Indians had to be properly punished before peace could be considered. He also assured the Cheyenne and Arapaho of the peaceful intentions of the US Army. However, the Arapaho near Fort Lyon suddenly stopped receiving rations from the US Army. The Arapaho then split up: the majority under Chief Little Raven moved down the Arkansas to Camp Wynkoop, about ten tents under Chief Left Hand moved to the Cheyenne at Sand Creek. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Arapaho (Arapaho) Southern Arapaho (Arapaho) | Black Kettle Little Raven Left Hand |
| 29 November 1864 | Colonel John M. Chivington of the Colorado militia with 600-700 heavily armed soldiers of the 3rd Colorado Cavalry and a Howitzer cannon attacked the Southern Cheyenne village of Black Kettle on Sand Creek by surprise and killed 200 Indians. Two thirds of the victims were women and children. This massacre triggered an Indian war in Colorado that spread to Nebraska and Wyoming. During the massacre, White Antelope (Cheyenne) and Left Hand (Arapaho) were shot. Left Hand stood there, sang his death song and was ready to die: 'Nothing lives long, only the earth and the mountains'. Black Kettle survived the massacre and moved to the Arapaho, Kiowa and Comanche south of the Arkansas River. Major Wynkoop gave Black Kettle an American flag in 1861, which Black Kettle flew over his tent. The flag was to show everyone that Black Kettle lived in peace with the USA. Sand Creek was about 40 miles from Fort Lyon. Earlier, the Cheyenne had even surrendered their rifles to testify to their peace with the USA. The survivors managed to escape to the nearest Cheyenne village on the Smoky Hill River, among them Black Kettle. Black Kettle's wife survived with 9 bullet wounds. The Cheyenne sent riders to the Brule at Solomon Fork and to the Northern Arapaho. Both tribes agreed to support the Cheyenne in their fight against the whites. The citizens of Denver saluted their bravest citizen thus: 'All citizens greet with overflowing joy our brave soldiers who have covered themselves with immortal glory in the fight against the red-skinned plague. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Arapaho (Arapaho) | Black Kettle White Antelope Left Hand |
| End of December 1864 | The Brule, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho unite to fight the whites and camp at Cherry Creek. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Brule (Lakota) Arapaho | - |
| 6 January 1865 | The Brule, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho attacked Julesburg with about 1,000 warriors. Julesburg was a small town at the time, consisting of a post office, a telegraph station, stables and stalls for the horses, a general store and a well-stocked warehouse. 5 Cheyenne and 2 Brule under the leadership of Chief Big Crow lured the 7th Iowa Cavalry under the command of Captain Nick O'Briens from Fort Ranking (Fort Sedgwick), about a mile away, into a nearby canyon where the main force was waiting. About half a mile ahead of the main force, some young warriors charged forward and the element of surprise was gone. Of the 60 or so soldiers, 14 did not return to the fort alive. A few weeks later, George Bent counted 18 graves outside the palisades of Fort Sedgwick. The warriors then plundered the camp and transported the goods away on ponies brought by women. The soldiers fired at the Indians with Howitzer cannons, but without success. Because of the heavy load on the ponies, the main camp at Cherry Creek was not reached until three days later. The Indians moved on to a camp between the Republican River and the South Platte River. From here they planned to launch attacks towards the South Platte River and then move north to the Powder River to join up with the Northern Cheyenne and the Oglala. When Black Kettle learned of this decision, he separated from the group with 80 tents and moved south of the Arkansas River on January 26 to camp and wait for peace to be restored. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Brule (Lakota) Arapaho | - |
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| Typical tipi of the prairie Indians. | |||
| 28. Januar 1865 - 2 February 1865 | Southern Cheyenne, Brule, and Arapaho simultaneously attacked about 75 miles of the immigrant route around Julesburg on the South Platte River, burning stations and farms, raiding wagon trains, and destroying the telegraph line. The Indian camp stretched for 3 to 4 miles along the Platte River. The area along the South Platte River was the most densely populated on the prairie at the time, but there were only two companies of soldiers in the area. On February 1, Julesburg was again attacked, looted and burned. On February 2, the Indians moved north. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Brule (Lakota) Arapaho | - |
| 2 February 1865 | On February 2, Julesburg was attacked again, plundered and burned to the ground. The Indians then moved further north. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Brule (Lakota) Arapaho | - |
| 4 February 1865 | The Southern Cheyenne, Brule and Arapaho drove cattle away from Mud Springs, but did not attack the village. Mud Springs was a small village with a telegraph station and a few soldiers. From the telegraph station, the inhabitants sent a telegram to Fort Mitchell (about 55 miles west of Mud Springs). The very next day, 46 soldiers of the 11th Ohio Volunteer Cavalry under Lt. William Ellsworth arrived from Fort Mitchel and engaged the Indians in a skirmish. The next day, the Indians retreated to their camp. The camp was located about 10 miles east of Mud Springs. | Cheyenne Brule (Lakota) Arapaho | - |
| 4 February 1865 | In February 1865, the Arapaho, Brule-Lakota and Cheyenne camped together about 10 miles west of Mud Springs. The Indians drove cattle from this village on February 4, 1865, and were subsequently attacked by soldiers from Fort Mitchell (see Battle of Mud Springs 1864). | Arapaho | - |
| 8 February 1865 | Lt. Col. William Collins and about 200 soldiers were attacked by Indians coming from Mud Springs on the North Platte River. He forms a wagon fort with his wagons and sends 2 riders in different directions during the fighting to get help. The Indians break camp and continue north, reaching the Niobrara River on February 10. Runners\` (dispatch riders) report that the Northern Cheyenne and Oglala were camped on the Powder River and the Northern Cheyenne on the Tongue River. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Brule (Lakota) Arapaho | - |
| May 1865 | The Northern and Southern Cheyenne crossed the Tongue River and moved their camp to the foot of the Big Horn Mountains. Since the horses were strong enough again after the winter, it was decided to attack the immigration routes along the North Platte River and the South Platte River again. From their camp at the foot of the Big Horn Mountains, the Cheyenne returned to Powder River, from where the attacks were launched to the south. The immigration road near Platte Bridge was chosen as the main target. | Oglala (Lakota) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho | Young Man Afraid of his Horses |
| Middle of Sommer 1865 | East of Platte Bridge, the Cheyenne, Oglala and Arapaho gathered in a large camp with an estimated 3,000 warriors and around 200 Cheyenne women. The Indians decided to attack the small Fort Caspar at Platte Bridge in central Wyoming from here. The soldiers were lured out of the fort again, but this time the Indians were only pursued as far as Platte Bridge, but no further. This meant that the main Indian force waiting in ambush was not deployed. From Platte Bridge, the soldiers shot at the Indians with the Howitzer cannon. | Oglala (Lakota) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho | Young Man Afraid of his Horses Roman Nose |
| 2 July 1865 | Several hundred Indians attacked Company I about 12 miles east of Platte Bridge. | Oglala (Lakota) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho | Young Man Afraid of his Horses |
| 25 July 1865 | Some of the Cheyenne, Arapaho and Oglala tried to drive the horses into the vicinity of Platte Bridge, but failed. A short time later, the combined forces of the Indians pushed back the soldiers who had come from the fort to reinforce them. During this maneuver, High Backed Wolf was killed. | Arapaho Cheyenne Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Oglala (Lakota) | High Backed Wolf Roman Nose Young Man Afraid of his Horses |
| 26 July 1865 | At 9 o'clock in the morning, a wagon train approached the fort over the hills from Sweat Water, accompanied by 25 soldiers of the 11th Kansas under the command of Seargant Custard. 25 soldiers of the 11th Ohio from the fort under the command of Lt. Caspar Collins rode towards the wagon train. Just over Platte Bridge, the detachment was attacked by hundreds of Indians. In the ensuing retreat back to the bridge, Lieutenant Collins himself and more than half of his men lost their lives. Sergeant Custard and the wagon train were destroyed by the Indians. Only two of his men were able to escape to the river and survived. Around 40 US soldiers lost their lives that day. The Indians then retreated. The 11th Kansas was relieved by the 6th Michigan, sent back to Fort Leavenworth and decommissioned. Fort Caspar in central Wyoming was named after Lieutenant Caspar Collings. After the battle, the Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho retreated to the Powder River country in north-eastern Wyoming. The Indians camped in the area where the Crazy Woman Fork flows into the Powder River. Further north along the Powder River and the Little Missouri River were the Hunkpapa, who had retreated there after the battles with General Alfred Sully. Black Bear decided to move to the Tongue River with his Arapaho and spend the winter there.  | Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho Oglala (Lakota) | Black Coal Roman Nose Black Bear Young Man Afraid of his Horses |
| 30 July 1865 | Powder River Expedition 1865 - The Powder River Expedition was the largest military operation of the US Army in the West up to that time. The aim of the expedition was to fight the hostile Indians along the Bozeman Trail and the Platte River. Conner went into the field with more soldiers than Sully and Sibley in 1863 and 1864. His army was composed as follows: - Conner himself led about 600 soldiers of the 2nd California Regiment as well as the Pawnee Company under Captain Franck North - Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Walker with 600 soldiers of the 16th Kansas Cavalry and the 11th Kansas Cavalry. Kansas Cavalry and the 11th Ohio Cavalry from Fort Laramie in southeastern Wyoming on August 5 - Colonel Nelson Cole commanded 1,400 soldiers of the 2nd Missouri Artillery and the 12th Missouri Cavalry from Ohama, Nebraska on July 1. Conner divided the troops into these three units, which were to meet at Rosebud Creek in Montana on September 1. Very bad weather made things difficult for the troops. Conner himself attacked the Arapaho at the Tongue River, while the other two columns were hard pressed by the Oglala under Red Cloud and the Cheyenne under Dull Knife. There were also 84 Winnebago and Omaha scouts. | Arapaho Omaha Winnebago Pawnee Oglala (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Black Bear Red Cloud Dull Knife |
| 22 August 1865 | Powder River Expedition 1865 - General Patrick E. Connor left Camp Conner and marched towards Tongue River in search of Indians. He left a cavalry company behind at the fort. | Arapaho Pawnee | Black Bear |
| 29 August 1865 | Battle on the Tongue River 1865 - Powder River Expedition 1865 - General Patrick E. Connor attacked the village of Black Bear with 250 tents on the Tongue River with 250 soldiers and his Pawnee scouts in northeastern Wyoming. Jim Bridger was also present as a scout for Connor during this attack. The Indians had to retreat 10 miles across Wolf Creek and attacked Conner again from there, but the now numerically superior Arapaho were kept at bay by the use of Howitzer cannons. The Arapaho lost 64 warriors and many women and children. The 1000 or so ponies that had initially been driven away by the soldiers were recaptured. In total, the Arapaho lost their entire household, including their tents, bison skins, tent poles and around 30 tons of dried bison meat for the winter. Conner found the camp because he was following a Cheyenne Indian who was carelessly on his way to the Arapaho with his wife despite these warlike times! The result of this raid was that the Arapaho allied themselves even more closely with the Lakota and Cheyenne and fought fiercely in subsequent battles such as Fettermann, Rosebud and at the Little Big Horn. | Arapaho Pawnee | Black Bear |
| 29 August 1865 | Battle on the Tongue River 1865 - Powder River Expedition 1865 - General Patrick E. Connor, with 250 soldiers and his Pawnee scouts, attacked the village of Black Bear with 250 tents on the Tongue River in northeastern Wyoming. Connor found the camp because he was following a Cheyenne Indian who, despite the warlike times, was on his way to the Arapaho with his wife without a care in the world! Jim Bridger was also there as a scout for Conner during this raid. The Indians had to retreat 10 miles across Wolf Creek and attacked Conner again from there, but thanks to the use of Howitzer guns, the now numerically superior Arapaho were kept at a distance. The Arapaho lost 64 warriors and numerous women and children. The approximately 1000 ponies, which had initially been driven away by the soldiers, were recaptured. In total, the Arapaho lost their entire household, including their tents, bison skins, tent poles and around 30 tons of dried bison meat for the winter. As a result of the raid, the Arapaho became even more closely allied with the Lakota and Cheyenne and fought fiercely in subsequent battles such as Fettermann, Rosebud and Little Big Horn. | Arapaho Pawnee | Black Bear |
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| Information on the Conner Battlefield near present-day Ranchester in the far north of Wyoming. Source: Thomet Daniel 2009. | |||
| 14 October 1865 | Treaty of Little Arkansas River 1865Little Raven of the Southern Arapaho and Black Kettle of the Southern Cheyenne signed the Little Arkansas River Peace Treaty and lost all their territory in Colorado. The new reservation was located in eastern Kansas. The reservations promised in the treaty were never established and their area was further reduced by around 90% in the Medicine Lodge Treaty. Only 4 Cheyenne chiefs signed the treaty. Over time, more chiefs signed the treaty, but on the condition that the Cheyenne were allowed to remain on their land as long as there were bison. The Dog Soldiers and the Suhtai never signed this treaty. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Arapaho (Arapaho) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Black Kettle Little Raven Tall Bull |
| 20 November 1865 | 60 Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians attacked Bluffton and Downers Station on the Smoky Hill River. Colonel William Tamblyn of Fort Fletcher reported that three members of the B.O.D. (Butterfield Overland Dispatch) were killed at Downers Station. | Arapaho Cheyenne | - |
| 20 November 1865 | The end of the American Civil War unleashed new strength and energy among Americans. Thousands moved west to the new territories that promised a new home and an attractive future. Immigration took place mainly along the Platte River through Cheyenne and Arapaho territory. Along the newly opened Bozeman Trail, prospectors and ranchers found their way north and then west to the gold fields of southwestern Montana, right through the territory of the Oglala, Miniconjou, Sans Arc, Two Kettle and Hunkpapa. These two migration routes caused the U.S. Army battles in the southern prairies along the Platte River to the then end of the Union Pacific Railroad line (1867 and 1868) and along the Bozeman Trail (Red Cloud War from 1866 to 1868). At the same time, the governments continued to build on the Central Pacific (in the east, from California to the east) and on the aforementioned Union Pacific (from the Mississippi to the west). Further south, construction continued on the Kansas Pacific Railway along the Smoky Hill River to Denver. | Oglala (Lakota) Cheyenne Arapaho | - |
| 8 September 1866 | The Indians captured about 20 horses from the herd of Caldwell's wagon train, a contractor. On the same day they attacked the soldiers' herds of horses, but were repulsed. | Lakota Arapaho | - |
| 10 September 1866 | The Indians again attacked the soldiers' herd of horses and this time captured 42 horses. The soldiers were unable to catch up with the Indians on their weakened horses. For months, the horses had only been fed hay and promised deliveries of corn never arrived at the fort. A short time later, the Indians attacked the soldiers' herd of horses again, this time driving off 101 horses and mules. | Lakota Arapaho | - |
| 12 September 1866 | In a double attack, the Lakota and Arapaho ambushed the fort's herd of cattle and 80 civilian hay workers on Goose Creek northwest of the fort. The hay workers had already lost 3 men and several wounded when Mr. Carter promised $500 to anyone who would come to the fort for help. The only one who came forward was Jose, the blacksmith, who set out and arrived at the fort at 01:00 to get help. The herd of cattle was guarded by a sergeant and 10 men. The Indians drove a herd of buffalo (!) into the herd of cattle and captured 200 cattle. | Lakota Arapaho | - |
| 21 September 1866 | About 300 Lakota and Arapaho ambushed a wagon train of hay workers about 5 miles from Fort Phil Kearny. It was not until the next morning that the hay workers were rescued by soldiers who had rushed to the fort. A white man in Indian clothing was seen on the Bozeman Trail, claiming to be Captain North. | Lakota Arapaho | - |
| 16 October 1866 | General Hancocks Campaign 1867 - Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer arrived at Fort Riley in eastern Kansas. The actual commander of the 7th U.S. Cavalry was rarely seen with the troops. Custer, on the other hand, was with the troops every day and took over the formation and training of the 7th U.S. Cavalry. The 7th U.S. Cavalry was tasked with protecting Kansas Pacific Railroad workers from Cheyenne, Lakota and Arapaho attacks. | Lakota Cheyenne Arapaho | - |
| 6 December 1866 | The guards on Pilot Hill signaled with their flags that the lumberjacks on Piney Island were being attacked by Indians. Piney Island was south of Sullivant Hill, about four miles from the fort. Carrington rode towards the Indians from the east, Fetterman from the west. The Indians were to be pinned down in this way. In the ensuing skirmish, Lieutenant Bingham and Seargant Bowers were killed and 5 soldiers were wounded. Bingham and Bowers rode too far ahead and were cut off from the other soldiers and killed. Orders were not followed that day, there were misunderstandings, cowardice and stupid mistakes. The pursuit of the Indians almost ended in disaster! It seems that this maneuver was a kind of dress rehearsal for the Battle of Fetterman on December 21. | Oglala (Lakota) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) | Red Cloud Black Coal |
| Middle of December 1866 | Red Cloud had gathered an estimated 4,000 warriors along the Tongue River at this time to fight the soldiers along the Bozeman Trail. Crow Indians reported that the tents stretched for more than 40 miles along the Tongue River. | Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Miniconjou (Lakota) Hunkpapa (Lakota) | Roman Nose Dull Knife Red Cloud Crazy Horse Little Chief Sorrel Horse Black Shield Rain-in-the-face |
| 21 December 1866 | Captain William Judd Fetterman and 5 companies were ambushed by about 2000 Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho and were killed along with his entire command of 81 soldiers. 10 decoys (2 Cheyenne, 8 Lakota) under the command of Crazy Horse lured the soldiers into the valley of Peno Creek, about 2 miles from Fort Phil Kearny. No soldier escaped with his life. The Lakota decoys were American Horse, Young Men Afraid Of His Horses, He Dog, Little Hawk (Crazy Horse's younger brother) and Big Nose and Bird Ash of the Cheyenne). . 10:00 a.m.: Lt. Wands, under orders from Col. Carrington, leads a logging train of 10 soldiers from Company E under Seargent Legrow to 'Piney Island' southwest of the fort. 10:50 a.m.: The sentries on Sullivant Hill signal with flags that the logging train is being attacked by a large number of Indians. 11:15 a.m.: On Colonel Carrington's orders, Captain Fetterman leaves the fort with Company A and parts of Company C of the 18th Infantry (infantry soldiers with old Springfield Muzzle Loaders). The order was to free the logging train and return to the fort. Under no circumstances were the Indians to be pursued further than Lodge Trail Ridge. 11.30 a.m.: Lieutenant George Grummond followed Fetterman with 25 cavalrymen and two civilians, James Wheatley and Issac Fisher. A little later, the doctor followed the soldiers. Grummont caught up with the infantry southwest of Sullivant Hill, where the Big Piney had to be crossed. From then on, the two units rode on together. Shortly before 12:00 noon: Fetterman rode toward Lodge Tail Ridge. The infantry was in the center, Lt. Grummond with the cavalry on the flanks and in front of the infantry. Fetterman saw Indians riding back and forth on the steep slopes, swinging blankets to scare the soldiers' horses. The infantry fired, the Indians fled out of range, but kept coming back. When Fetterman was at the top, he saw the small group of Indians that Carrington had fired at with the howitzer earlier. They joined the decoys. The decoys later included such famous chiefs as Crazy Horse, Dull Knife, Black Shield, Big Nose and White Bull. | Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Oglala (Lakota) Cheyenne Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Miniconjou (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) | Big Nose Red Cloud Medicine Man Little Chief Black Shield Hump Crazy Horse Young Man Afraid of his Horses He Dog |
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| Monument at the Fetterman Battlefield in northeastern Wyoming. Source: Daniel Thomet 2009. | |||
| 21 December 1866 | 12:00 p.m.: Fetterman was still standing on Lodge Trail Ridge as ordered by Carrington. The infantry fired on order at the Indians on the Bozeman Road. Now the Indians who had earlier ambushed the wagon train appeared in Fetterman's rear at the base of Lodge Trail Ridge and rode toward Fetterman. Fetterman could have decided to ride down to the Bozeman Trail, kill as many Indians as possible and then return to the fort. But things turned out differently. 11:35 a.m.: The guards on Sullivant Hill signal with their flags that the wagon train is no longer under attack. 11:40: Carrington had the howitzers fire on about 50 Indians at the point where Big Piney Creek crosses the Bozeman Road. The Indians then rode up the slopes of Lodge Trail Ridge. Shortly after noon: Fetterman ordered the infantry and cavalry to ride down to the Bozeman Trail. From here, however, Fetterman turned west against Colonel Carrington's orders, following the Bozeman Road and riding into the valley of Peno Creek. Massacre Hill lay to his right. 12:10 The decoys crossed Peno Creek at the end of Massacre Hill, followed by Grummond's cavalry. The infantry followed at a run. After the decoys crossed Peno Creek, they split into two groups, rode away from each other and then back to Peno Creek. This was the signal to attack. West of Massacre Hill, the mounted Cheyenne rode toward the soldiers. The Oglala advanced on foot. Fetterman's commands must have been barely audible over the clamor of the Indians. Grummond stopped his cavalry and Fetterman was able to catch up a little. Nevertheless, infantry and cavalry were separated during the first attack. After about 15 minutes, the infantrymen could barely hold their position and ammunition was running low. Some men left the position and tried to make their way to the cavalry. Shortly afterwards, the position of the two civilians and the six infantrymen collapsed. They fought to the end with rifle butts, bayonets and knives until the last man was dead. The rest of the cavalry now tried to reach the hill and probably wanted to flee over the hill towards the fort. To their horror, however, they saw that many Indians were coming up from the other side of Massacre Hill! Once on the hill, the soldiers lined up like infantry behind small, flat boulders for defense. 12:40 At this point, Carrington sent more reinforcements from the fort. The Indian scouts saw this and reported it to their chiefs. Fetterman's infantry took cover between a flat rock formation, the cavalry was about 100 meters away. The cavalry was by this time without Lt. Grummond, who had probably been killed right at the start of the fight. With the cavalry, still down on the Bozeman Road, civilians Wheatley and Fisher were fighting the attacking Indians with 5 or 6 soldiers. The Indians launched a final attack on the inexperienced cavalrymen. At 12:50 the battle was over. One of the last soldiers to die was the trumpeter Metzger, who had fought to the end with his battered trumpet and died with 12 wounds to his body. Most of the soldiers died from arrows, as the Indians were hardly armed with rifles at this time. 12:45: Captain Ten Eck crossed Big Piney Creek with his 75 soldiers and reached a hill on the right side of Bozeman Road. From here he rode towards Peno Creek. 12:50: Captain Ten Eyck and his soldiers reach a hill east of Massacre Hill and can see down into the valley. The Indians try to lure Ten Eyck down, but he waits and sends a dispatcher to Carrington. 13:05: The dispatch rider Soldier Sample reaches the fort. Captain Ten Eyck calls for reinforcements again. Carrington wrote him a message and referred to the 40 soldiers who had been sent on the march shortly before with the ambulance and 3,000 rounds of ammunition. Soldier Sample rode back to Ten Eyck and arrived about the time the Indians began to leave the valley. Shortly afterwards, Ten Eyck's men saw the dead soldiers lying in the snow for the first time. Carrington himself remained in the fort, as about 3/4 of his soldiers were already in the field. He feared an attack by the Indians on the empty fort. By the evening of December 21, around 49 dead soldiers had been brought into the fort on wagons, the remaining 32 soldiers, mainly cavalrymen, not until the next day. The lumberjack platoon on Pine Island had heard nothing of the battle at Fettermann; they were too far away to hear the noise of battle. After this victory, Red Cloud was at the height of his power, even if he himself was not present. But he was the organizer and brought the tribes together at the Tongue River. Apart from the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876, the Battle of Fetterman was the only battle fought by the US Army against the Indians from which no soldier returned alive. The losses suffered by the Indians must have been considerable. Estimates vary widely, but one can assume around 60 or more dead and around 300 wounded, of whom an estimated 100 died later. White Elk, a Cheyenne, kept repeating that this battle claimed more lives than the Battle of Little Big Horn. The night after the battle, Colonel Carrington sent a volunteer dispatch rider to Fort Laramie to inform his superiors of the disaster and again request reinforcements, rifles and rations. Portugee Phillips rode 236 miles through snowstorms. He rode only at night. In the late morning of December 24, he reached the telegraph station 'Horseshoe Station', where a telegram was sent to Fort Laramie. The telegram never arrived! Portugee Phillips then rode another 40 miles to Fort Laramie. It arrived at the fort between 11 p.m. and midnight. Carrington's message was immediately forwarded to Omaha, the headquarters of his superior, General George Crook. From then on, news of the defeat spread very quickly and soon ended up in the newspapers. | Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Oglala (Lakota) Cheyenne Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Miniconjou (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) | Big Nose Red Cloud Medicine Man Little Chief Black Shield Hump Crazy Horse Young Man Afraid of his Horses He Dog |
| 21 December 1866 | Treaty of Medicine Lodge 1867In 1867 and 1868, the government set up a peace commission. The commission wanted to conclude treaties with the Plains Indians in order to promote the settlement of the West. In addition, the Indians were to be persuaded to stay away from the central immigration routes along the Platte River and the Santa Fe Trail as well as along the railroad lines. To this end, two reservations were to be established in northern Nebraska and southern Kansas. In the Treaty of Medicine Lodge of 1867, the reservation in southern Kansas was granted to the Indians of the southern prairie. The Peace Commission began with the Southern Plains tribes in 1867 and turned its attention to the Northern Plains tribes beginning in 1868. The U.S. government's biggest concern was Red Cloud raids along the Bozeman Trail! At some point in 1868, the US government was even willing to give up the 3 forts along the Bozeman Trail for a peace treaty. A first in the history of the US government's wars against the Indians. The biggest problem for the commission was to get close to the stubborn Sitting Bull. Father de Smet was therefore chosen to visit Sitting Bull's village in June 1868. | Lakota Cheyenne Yamparika (Comanche) Arapaho | Ten Bears |
| 28 April 1867 | General Hancocks Campaign 1867 - Hancock met Little Raven, the chief of the Arapaho, in Fort Dodge. Little Raven distanced himself from the Oglala and Cheyenne and assured the whites of his friendship. | Southern Arapaho (Arapaho) | Little Raven |
| 1 August 1867 | About 2 miles southwest of Fort C.F. Smith, Lt. Col. Luther P. Bradley and Lt. Sigismund Sternberg of the 27th Infantry, with 21 soldiers and 7 civilians, fought against 500 to 800 Cheyenne and Arapaho warriors. Two officers and one private were killed and 4 soldiers were wounded. The Indians suffered heavy losses. The Indians did not know that only about a week before the battle, the old muzzle-loading rifles had been replaced by new, more modern Springfield Model 1866 rifles, which had a much higher rate of fire. | Miniconjou (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Oglala (Lakota) Arapaho | American Horse Little Wolf Red Cloud |
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| This is where the Battle of Hayfield took place, about a mile northeast of the present-day town of Fort Smith in southern Montana. Source: Thomet Daniel 2009. | |||
| October 1867 | Captain Dandy, quartermaster of Fort Phil Kearny, met a group of Lakota, Arapaho and Cheyenne at Big Piney Creek. The US Army discussed with the Indians that the Bozeman Trail with the 3 forts should possibly be abandoned. In return, the Indians promised to cease all hostilities. | Oglala (Lakota) Cheyenne Arapaho | Red Cloud |
| 28 October 1867 | Treaty of Medicine Lodge 1867The Cheyenne and Arapaho did not arrive until noon on October 26. On October 28, the southern Cheyenne under Chief Black Kettle and the Arapaho signed the treaty. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Arapaho (Arapaho) Arapaho Arapaho Arapaho | Black Kettle Buffalo Chief Bull Bear Little Bear Spotted Elk White Horse Tall Bull Heap of Birds Slim Face Buffalo Chief Black White Man Grey Head Little Raven Storm Big Mouth Yellow Bear |
| November 1867 | Shortly after the Treaty of Medicine Lodge, the Arapaho attacked the Kaw Indians on their reservation in southeastern Kansas, killing two Kaw Indians and stealing 140 ponies. The Kaw Indians had stolen horses from the Arapaho during the Medicine Lodge Treaty. In return, the Kaw Indians attacked the Arapaho, killing some of them and capturing about 50 ponies. | Kaw Arapaho | - |
| Begin of 1868 | Treaty of Medicine Lodge 1867Young warriors from the tribes that had signed the Treaty of Medicine Lodge kept moving north to fight the Pawnee. As a result of the white man's encroachment into Indian territory, the buffalo largely disappeared. Colonel Wynkoop testified that the Indians were even starving. The Indians had long wanted to settle on the reservations assigned to them and live off the rations provided by the US administration, because the buffalo had disappeared, the winters were long and hard and the water in many rivers tasted bitter and was hardly drinkable because of all the gypsum in southern Kansas and on the Cimarron River. But the reservations were not yet ready for occupancy. In mid-1868, Generals Sherman and Sheridan came to the joint conclusion that the Indians should be persecuted, fought and destroyed. Unfortunately, the two generals had no understanding of the Indians and their way of thinking. | Pawnee Cheyenne Arapaho | - |
| 29 April 1868 | Treaty of Fort Laramie (Lakota) 1868The Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868 was a treaty between the US government, represented by Lieutenant General William Tecumseh Sherman, General Harney, General Alfred Terry and General Sanborn with - Lakota (Hunkpapa, Brule, Oglala, Miniconjou , Blackfeet, Two Kettles, Sans Arc) - Yankton (Yanktonai) - Dakota (Santee) - Arapaho The Brule-Lakota with Spotted Tail, Red Leaf, Swift Bear and Standing Elk, signed on April 29. April. April. Oglala-Lakota with Man Afraid of his Horses, Sitting Bull and American Horse signed May 25. Miniconjou-Lakota with Spotted Elk (Big Foot) and Bull Bear signed on May 26. The Hunkpapa-Lakota along with Sans Arc, Blackfoot and Two Kettle under Gall, Bear's Rib and Running Antelope signed at Fort Rice on July 2. Red Cloud signed the treaty on November 6, 1868, after the three forts on the Bozeman Trail had been abandoned and burned by the Indians. Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse did not sign the treaty. The Black Hills were granted to the Indians forever. The Indians were given the area of the Great Sioux Reservation, approx. 240000 km². The treaty began to crumble as early as 1872, when the army sent engineers under the protection of American troops into the Great Sioux Reservation to explore a suitable route for the railroad. And when Custer advanced into the Black Hills in 1874 with around 1,000 soldiers to search for gold, the treaty, like many others, was already a waste of time. The treaty established the entire area of the present-day US state of South Dakota west of the Missouri River, including the Black Hills (from the northern border in Nebraska to the 46th parallel and from the Missouri River in the east to the 104th meridian in the west) as Indian land (Great Sioux Reservation) for unrestricted and undisturbed use and settlement by the Great Sioux Nation. Land cessions were only to be possible if at least three quarters of all adult male Sioux agreed. After 1876, the Sioux had to give up their land along the Powder River. The Great Sioux Reservation became smaller and smaller. Chief Washakie of the Shoshone was able to secure a reservation for his tribe on the Wind River in Wyoming. The Crow Indians have traveled more than 100,000 km. | Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Hunkpapa (Lakota) Hunkpapa (Lakota) Hunkpapa (Lakota) Blackfoot Two Kettle (Lakota) Sans Arc (Lakota) Yanktonai (Western Dakota) Yanktonai (Western Dakota) Santee (Eastern Dakota) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Crow Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Eastern Shoshone | Red Cloud Man-afraid-of-his-horses American Horse Sitting Bull One Horn Spotted Elk Bull Bear Spotted Tail Red Leaf Swift Bear Standing Elk Running Antelope Gall Bear's Rib Fire Heart Long Mandan The one that has neither horn Two Bears Mad Bear Red Ensig Little Chief Dull Knife Washakie |
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| Signing of the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868, source: http://www.ask.com/wiki/Fort_Laramie_Treaty_(1868). | |||
| End of April 1868 | Treaty of Fort Laramie (Lakota) 1868It was not until the end of April that the Cheyenne and Arapaho received the first goods promised under the treaty, several wagons of beef, flour, bacon, coffee, sugar and salt, but not the promised weapons and ammunition. The Cheyenne were already talking about fraud. The first warlike actions by dissatisfied Indians were to take place in May. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho | Black Kettle Little Robe Medicine Arrow Old Little Wolf |
| 10 May 1868 | Treaty of Fort Laramie (Northern Cheyenne, NortheAt Fort Laramie, 13 Northern Cheyenne and Northern Arapaho chiefs signed a treaty with the same officials as the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie. Unlike the treaty with the Lakota, the tribes could choose whether to join the Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho on the reservations in Oklahoma or the Lakota. | Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) | Dull Knife Little Shield Medicine Man Sorrel Horse Sharp Nose Little Wolf Black Bear |
| 5 June 1868 | 200 Cheyenne and Arapaho warriors raided the Kaw Indian agency 2.5 miles east of Council Grouve on their reservation, about 25 miles southeast of Fort Riley in eastern Kansas, shortly after the Treaty of Medicine Lodge. The Kaw managed to repel the Cheyenne and Arapaho. On the way back, the Indians plundered 3 farms and killed 7 cattle. The Indians passed by Fort Harker and told the soldiers that the Indians were starving and that is why they were killing cattle. The Indians rode through the town of Council Grove and terrified the inhabitants. As a result, the Cheyenne and Arapaho were not supplied with the hunting weapons promised in the Treaty of Medicine Lodge. Frustrated, the Cheyenne, Arapaho and Oglala attacked the settlers on the Saline River and the Solomon River in August 1868. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Kaw | Little Robe Tall Bull |
| 3 July 1868 | Treaty of Fort Bridger 1868Concluded between the United States government, represented by General C.C. Augur, and the Eastern Shoshone and Bannock. The Shoshone claimed a reservation on the Wind River in western Wyoming, the Bannock a reservation around Soda Springs, Portneuf River and Camas Plains in southeastern Idaho. As a result of the treaty, the Fort Hall Reservation near present-day Pocatello and the Wind River Reservation for the eastern Shoshone and northern Arapaho in western Wyoming were established in 1869. | Eastern Shoshone Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Bannock (Northern Paiute) | Washakie Chief Taghee |
| 20 July 1868 | Between 15,000 and 20,000 Indians gathered at Fort Larned to receive the annual supplies and payments promised under the treaty from Colonel Alfred Sully. Once again, the Indians did not receive the guns and ammunition promised in the treaty because the Kaw Indians (Kanza Indians) were attacked. See Cheyenne Attack on Kaw Agency 1868 To avoid unrest, General Alfred Sully, commander of the District of Arkansas, had 6 companies of the 7th U.S. Cavalry and 2 additional cavalry units stationed at Fort Larned. Rifles and ammunition were not issued until August 9. | Cheyenne Arapaho Southern Arapaho (Arapaho) Kiowa Kiowa-Apache (Apache) | Heap of Bears Little Raven Lone Wolf |
| 20 July 1868 | While the Kiowa and Comanche waited in Fort Larned for their annual supplies, they marched together against the Ute. In this campaign, the Kiowa and Arapaho suffered a defeat. The Arapaho chief Heap of Bears and five Arapaho warriors were killed. This battle was the most disastrous for the Kiowa since the Osage Massacre of 1833. | Kiowa Arapaho Ute | Heap of Bears |
| 20 July 1868 | While the Kiowa and Comanche waited at Fort Larned for the annual supplies, they camped 9 miles southwest of Fort Larned on the Arkansas River. The village consisted of 400 tents with more than 4,000 people, 5,000 ponies. | Kiowa Arapaho Southern Arapaho (Arapaho) | Lone Wolf Heap of Bears Little Raven |
| Begin of August 1868 | Finally, the Arapaho and Kiowa Apaches received the guns and ammunition agreed in the Treaty of Medicine Lodge. The Arapaho received: 160 pistols, 80 Lancaster rifles, 12 small barrels of powder, 1.5 barrels of lead and 15,000 primers. The Kiowa Apaches received: 40 pistols, 20 Lancaster rifles, 3 small barrels of powder, half a barrel of lead and 5,000 primers. . | Kiowa Kiowa-Apache (Apache) Arapaho | - |
| 15 August 1868 | Major General Philip Sheridan raised an additional company of about 50 very experienced and well-armed soldiers under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George A. Forsyth. | Oglala (Lakota) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) | Pawnee Killer White Horse Tall Bull Roman Nose |
| 16 August 1868 | Lieutenant Frederick W. Beecher wanted to find out more about the events on the Saline River and the Solomon River and sent two scouts from Fort Hays in a northwesterly direction to the village of the Dog Soldiers (Cheyenne). Returning warriors from the Saline River and Solomon River killed one of the scouts, and a second was able to drag himself wounded to Sheridan City. By September 1868, Generals Sheridan and Sherman were convinced that the Indians had to be hunted down and destroyed, regardless of whether they were friendly or hostile to the whites. General Sheridan even rejected the establishment of reservations for peaceful Indians. | Arapaho Cheyenne Kiowa-Apache (Apache) | - |
| 15 September 1868 | A company of the 10th U.S. Cavalry was attacked by about 100 Cheyennes at Big Sandy Creek in eastern Colorado. The soldiers had to retreat to Fort Wallace after losing many horses and mules. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho | - |
| 16 September 1868 | Forsyth Beecher Expedition 1868 - Lt. Col. Forsyth was camped on the Arikaree Fork, a tributary of the Republican River. Nearby were the camps of the Oglala under Pawnee Killer, the Cheyenne (mainly Dog Soldiers) with the chiefs White Horse, Tall Bull and Roman Nose and the Northern Arapaho. Some of the warriors had already seen soldiers on the morning of September 16 and alerted the villages. By noon, all the warriors were assembled for an attack and rode off, but could not find the soldiers until evening and camped. At midnight, some young warriors rode off on their own, discovered the soldiers, drove some horses away and alerted the main camp. At dawn on September 17, the main force of Indians reached the soldiers' camp. | Oglala (Lakota) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) | Pawnee Killer White Horse Tall Bull Bull Bear Roman Nose |
| 17 September 1868 | Forsyth Beecher Expedition 1868 - Lieutenant Colonel Forsyth was attacked at dawn at Arikaree Fork (near the present-day town of Wray in eastern Colorado) by around 600 Indians and had to defend himself on a sandbank in the middle of Arikaree Fork. In the days that followed, the Indians were pushed back further and further by the superior firepower of the US scouts and the soldiers with their modern Spencer repeating rifles. The Indians possessed only a few old muzzle-loaders. No Indians were killed in the first attack at 9 o'clock. One Indian, Bed Heart, managed to ride over the soldiers and back without being wounded. Lt. Col. Forsyth was hit twice in the first attack and seriously wounded. Lieutenant Frederick Beecher was also hit twice and died that evening. During the second attack, the positions of the soldiers and scouts were surrounded and attacked, killing three Indians. The next attacks were made on foot, killing 2 more Indians. Then Roman Nose arrived and silence fell, everyone waited to see what Roman Nose would do. Roman Nose stopped on a hill to confer. He said the medicine was no longer working because he had eaten bread that had been taken out of a pan with a metal fork. If he attacked now, he would surely be dead. And there was no time to renew the medicine because Forsyth's men had been discovered. Nevertheless, Roman Nose rode close to the soldiers around midday and was hit in the back by a bullet. One of his warriors was able to pull him out of the danger zone. Like Beecher, he also died in the early evening. On the second day, the Indians attacked all day. During the night, Colonel Forsyth sent two scouts to Fort Wallace to fetch reinforcements. On the third day, some Cheyenne returned to see if the soldiers were still there. Minor skirmishes ensued. The Indians suffered 9 casualties (6 Cheyenne, 1 Arapaho, 2 Oglala) and called the battle the 'Battle in which Roman Nose died'. The US Army lost 6 soldiers (including Lieutenant Beecher, Forsyth's deputy) and 15 were wounded. | Oglala (Lakota) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) | Pawnee Killer White Horse Tall Bull Bull Bear Roman Nose |
| 20 September 1868 | Forsyth Beecher Expedition 1868 - After the battle at Beecher's Island, the Oglala and Arapaho moved further down the Republican River with their villages. Only the Cheyenne (Dog Soldiers) remained where they were. | Oglala (Lakota) Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Pawnee Killer Roman Nose |
24 September 1868  | Sheridan's Winter Expedition 1868 - The summer expeditions of 1867 and 1868 against the Plains Indians were unsuccessful. The Plains Indians were always one step ahead of the US Army! George Armstrong Custer came to the conclusion that it was more promising to attack the Indians in winter. General Philip H. Sheridan therefore planned a winter attack on the Indian camps: . 6 companies of the 3rd U.S. Cavalry and 2 companies of infantry were to march east from Fort Bascom, New Mexico, under the command of Major Andrew W. Evans. 7 companies of the 5th U.S. Cavalry Regiment, 4 companies of the 10th U.S. Cavalry Regiment, and one company of the 7th U.S. Cavalry Regiment were to march southeast from Fort Lyon, Colorado, under the command of Major Eugene A. Carr. 11 companies of the 7th U.S. Cavalry, 5 companies of infantry, and 12 companies of the 19th Kansas Volunteers were to march south from Fort Dodge under the command of Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer. In addition to Sherman himself, General Alfred A. Sully was designated as commander. | Cheyenne Arapaho Comanche Kiowa Kiowa-Apache (Apache) | - |
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| General Philip Sheridan. Source: http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/1800sarmybiographies/p/sheridan.htm | |||
| 7 October 1868 - 13 October 1868 | In eastern Colorado, 10 miles east of the mouth of Sand Creek, 75 Kiowa and Arapaho warriors ambushed a civilian wagon train returning from Colorado to Kansas. Clara Blinn and her child were abducted. The wagons were set on fire with incendiary arrows. On October 12, one of the men called for help from Fort Lyon. Lieutenant Henry H. Abell rode to the wagon train with ten soldiers. | Kiowa Arapaho | Satanta |
| 27 November 1868 | Sheridan's Winter Expedition 1868 - Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer attacks the camp of the Southern Cheyenne under Chief Black Kettle with about 50 tents on the Washita River, supported by Osage scouts. The camp was attacked from 4 sides. There were about 6,000 Indians in the Washita Valley at the time, all tribes that had recently signed the Treaty of Medicine Lodge. South of the Cheyenne were the Arapaho under Chief Little Raven and the Kiowa under Kicking Bird. Even further south, more Cheyenne, Arapaho, Comanche and Lipan Apache were camped. The Indians believed they were living in peace and frequently visited General Hazen at nearby Fort Cobb. During one of these visits, the Indians were warned that General Sheridan was riding with his troops towards the Washita River to attack the Indians. The snow was now several meters deep. Within 10 minutes, the entire village was under the control of the 7th US Cavalry. The whole village was destroyed and about 850 Cheyenne ponies were shot. . 241 saddles, 573 bison hides, 360 untanned hides, 35 pistols and 47 rifles, 125 kg of lead, 4,000 arrows and arrowheads, 75 spears, 150 kg of tobacco and other goods fell into the hands of the soldiers that day, as well as the entire winter supply of dried meat, flour and clothing. Custer distributed the best horses among his men and had the remaining 800 ponies of the Indians shot. According to surviving Cheyenne Indians, they lost 13 warriors (including Black Kettle himself), 16 women and 9 children. The 7th U.S. Cavalry suffered 4 casualties, including Captain Hamilton. There was no trace of Major Elliott, no one knew where he was or what had become of him. Custer searched in vain for Elliott and left the now burnt village without him. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Kiowa Southern Arapaho (Arapaho) Yamparika (Comanche) Osage | Black Kettle Little Rock Kicking Bird Little Raven White Wolf |
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| Massacre on the Washita River in 1868 Source: https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/cultural_diversity/washita_battlefield.html | |||
| 27 November 1868 | Arapaho, Kiowa and another group of Cheyenne Indians were camped in the vicinity of the village of Black Kettle. | Arapaho | - |
| 20 December 1868 | Sheridan's Winter Expedition 1868 - Custer sent the Kiowa-Apache chief Iron Shirt to the Cheyenne and Arapaho with a message of peace. When Iron Shirt returned, he told Custer that Little Robe of the Cheyenne and Yellow Bear of the Arapaho had promised to meet soon at Fort Cobb. | Kiowa-Apache (Apache) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho | Iron Shirt Little Robe Yellow Bear |
| 31 December 1868 | Sheridan's Winter Expedition 1868 - 21 Arapaho and Cheyenne chiefs appeared at Fort Cobb and requested permission to camp near Fort Cobb. Soon several groups of Cheyenne and Arapaho gathered around Fort Cobb. On January 2, 1869, a grand council was held with the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache and Comanche chiefs, as well as Custer and Sheridan. | Kiowa-Apache (Apache) Kiowa Penateka (Comanche) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho | Iron Shirt Black Eagle Silver Knife Little Robe Yellow Bear |
| January 1868 | Custer was traveling with 50 sharpshooters in the Wichita Mountains. He convinced an Arapaho village of 65 tents under Chief Little Raven to surrender. | Arapaho | Little Raven |
| Spring 1869 | The US government decided to move the Comanche and Kiowa from Fort Cobb to Fort Sill, Texas. The Cheyenne under Little Robe and Yellow Bear and the Arapaho under Yellow Bear were to be relocated to the vicinity of Camp Supply. Yellow Bull wanted to keep the peace on his reservation, but found that Tall Bull (Dog Soldier) was more interested in war with the US army. After an argument, he drove Tall Bull off the reservation with his 165 tents. From then on, as after Sand Creek, the Cheyenne divided again: the tribal group under Little Robe went to the reservation at Camp Supply, while the tribal group under Tall Bull refused to go to the reservation and moved north to join the victorious Red Cloud and Northern Cheyenne. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho Comanche Kiowa | Yellow Bear Tall Bull Yellow Bear |
| Spring 1869 | Custers Sweetwater Expedition 1869 - The Comanche and Kiowa around Fort Cobb were relocated to Fort Sill, the Cheyenne and Arapaho to Darlington, Oklahoma (Indian Territory). | Kiowa Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | - |
| June 1869 | Custers Sweetwater Expedition 1869 - In midsummer 1869, the Cheyenne of Little Robe and Medicine Arrow and the Arapaho of Little Raven and Yellow Bear accepted the reservation under the terms of the 1867 Treaty of Medicine Lodge and moved to Camp Supply in northern Oklahoma. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Southern Arapaho (Arapaho) Arapaho | Little Robe Medicine Arrow Little Raven Yellow Bear |
| 1869 | Fort Washakie was built as the headquarters of the Wind River Reservation on the site of the present-day town of Lander Central Wyoming. | Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Eastern Shoshone | - |
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| Fort Washakie was built in 1869 on the site of the present-day town of Lander in central Wyoming as the headquarters of the Wind River Reservation. Source: Thomet Daniel 2009. | |||
| 31 March 1870 | Black Bear battle 1870 - At Little Atlantic Gulch, Smiths Gulch and St. Mary's Station on the Sweetwater River in Wyoming in the South Pass area, a total of seven gold seekers were killed by Indians on March 31, 1870. Subsequently, on April 7, 1870, the Arapaho chief Black Bear, 14 warriors and two women were murdered. | Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) | Black Bear |
| 7 April 1870 | After the murder of seven gold prospectors in the South Pass area in Wyoming, volunteers set out from South Pass in search of the guilty Indians. On the way to the highly visible Northern Arapaho village on the Wind River Reservation, the whites encountered a group of Arapaho Indians under Chief Black Bear before they reached the village. Black Bear was on his way to Camp Brown (Fort Washakie) to negotiate. The whites killed Black Bear, 14 warriors and two women. Seven children were captured and raised by white families. Two women escaped and alerted the nearby Arapaho village. | Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) | Black Bear |
| April 1870 | The Indian Agency for the Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho was moved from Camp Supply (Fort Supply) further south to the North Canadian River. 4 years later, Fort Reno was built southwest of the agency to better protect the agency. | Cheyenne Arapaho | - |
| Summer 1870 | During their annual buffalo hunt in the Wind River area, the two tribes united and attacked the Arapaho several times. | Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Arapaho | - |
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| Bison in Custer State Park in South Dakota. Source: Thomet Daniel 2010 | |||
| Summer 1870 | The Arapaho left their reservation on the Wind River and hunted in the Powder River Basin area. In March 1871, the four chiefs decided to collect the annual supplies due to the Arapaho under the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie from the Red Cloud Agency in the Fort Laramie area. The Oglala, however, treated them condescendingly. The Arapaho remained in Powder River Country as long as possible, even though bison numbers were declining. | Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) | Medicine Man Friday Littleshield Black Coal |
| 1871 | Medicine Man, chief of the Northern Arapaho, died. After Black Bear, another important Northern Arapaho chief, was killed in a clash with whites on the Wind River Reservation on April 7, 1870, Black Coal became the most important chief of the Antelopes, the largest Northern Arapaho group. | Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) | Medicine Man Black Coal |
| April 1872 | Northern Pacific Railway Expedition 1872 - In the winter of 1871/1872, Sitting Bull learned that the US government was planning to build a railroad along the Yellowstone River and that the two expeditions of 1871 were to be followed by two more. Sitting Bull sent Spotted Tail to Fort Sully as an envoy. The 30-year-old Spotted Eagle appeared with 150 tents of the Sans-Arc in front of the Cheyenne River Agency at Fort Sully in South Dakota. In conversation with the commander of the fort, Colonel David S. Stanley, Spotted Eagle wanted to know if the Northern Pacific Railroad would now be built. If so, he would fight the construction workers as long as he lived. When he left the agency, the Sans Arc (Lakota) refused to take rations from the U.S. government. Stanley made it clear to Spotted Tail that the Northern Pacific Railroad would be built. Colonel Stanley was to lead the second expedition along the Yellowstone River in July 1872. Sitting Bull sent riders to the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho to invite them to a meeting in August 1872. The meeting was to take place on the Powder River near the Montana-Wyoming border (possibly in the Moorhead area). | Sans Arc (Lakota) Hunkpapa (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho | Spotted Eagle Sitting Bull |
| Begin of August 1872 | Northern Pacific Railway Expedition 1872 - Hunkpapa, Sans Arc, Miniconjou, Brule, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho camped together in a large camp on the Powder River on the border between Montana and Wyoming. The camp contained about 2000 warriors. The chiefs discussed the two upcoming expeditions of the Northern Pacific Railway and how the tribes should respond. | Hunkpapa (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Sans Arc (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho | Sitting Bull Crazy Horse |
| 14 August 1872 | Baker's battle 1872 - Northern Pacific Railway Expedition 1872 - Major Eugene M. Baker's command was still camped on the Yellowstone River. Baker had no guards posted in the evening or at night, although there were many signs of the presence of Indians in the area. Lakota, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho from the camp on the Powder River near the Wyoming border planned to attack the Crow Indians on the Yellowstone River. During the night, about 1000 warriors approached Stanley's camp on the other side of the Yellowstone River. But the chiefs decided against an attack. Nevertheless, impatient young warriors crossed the Yellowstone River on the night of August 14 and sneaked into the soldiers' camp. In an attempt to steal weapons, one of the warriors was shot at 3 o'clock in the morning. Thus began the battle. The warriors were quickly pushed back by the soldiers and the battle was soon over. Two Indians, one soldier and one civilian were killed. After the battle, Baker refused to move his camp. The Northern Pacific Railway engineers had to move further and further away from the soldiers' camp each day. Finally, they agreed to return to Fort Ellis. After the battle, most of the warriors left Sitting Bull to go buffalo hunting for the rest of the summer. This left Sitting Bull with only 200 warriors to fight Colonel Stanley's column approaching from the east. | Hunkpapa (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Sans Arc (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho | Sitting Bull Crazy Horse Spotted Eagle Black Moon |
| 14 August 1872 | Baker's battle 1872 - Northern Pacific Railway Expedition 1872 - Major Eugene M. Baker's command was still camped on the Yellowstone River. Baker had no sentries posted in the evening or at night, although there were many signs of the presence of Indians in the area. Lakota, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho from the camp on the Powder River near the Wyoming border planned to attack the Crow Indians on the Yellowstone River. During the night, about 1000 warriors approached Stanley's camp on the other side of the Yellowstone River. But the chiefs decided against an attack. Nevertheless, impatient young warriors crossed the Yellowstone River on the night of August 14 and sneaked into the soldiers' camp. In an attempt to steal weapons, one of the warriors was shot at 3 o'clock in the morning. Thus began the battle. The warriors were quickly pushed back by the soldiers and the fight was soon over. Two Indians, one soldier and one civilian were killed. After the battle, most of the warriors left Sitting Bull to go buffalo hunting for the rest of the summer. This left Sitting Bull with only 200 warriors to fight Colonel Stanley's column approaching from the east. | Hunkpapa (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Sans Arc (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho | Sitting Bull Crazy Horse Spotted Eagle Black Moon |
| 14 August 1872 | Baker's battle 1872 - Northern Pacific Railway Expedition 1872 - Major Eugene M. Baker's command was still camped on the Yellowstone River. Baker had no guards posted in the evening or at night, although there were many signs of the presence of Indians in the area. Lakota, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho from the camp on the Powder River near the Wyoming border planned to attack the Crow Indians on the Yellowstone River. During the night, about 1000 warriors approached Stanley's camp on the other side of the Yellowstone River. But the chiefs decided against an attack. Nevertheless, impatient young warriors crossed the Yellowstone River on the night of August 14 and entered the soldiers' camp. In an attempt to steal weapons, one of the warriors was shot at 3 o'clock in the morning. Thus began the battle. The warriors were quickly pushed back by the soldiers and the fight was soon over. Two Indians, one soldier and one civilian were killed. After the battle, most of the warriors left Sitting Bull to go buffalo hunting for the rest of the summer. This left Sitting Bull with only 200 warriors to fight Colonel Stanley's column approaching from the east. | Hunkpapa (Lakota) Oglala (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Sans Arc (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho | Sitting Bull Crazy Horse Spotted Eagle Black Moon |
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| General view of the Battle of Baker in 1872. source: https://thelbha.proboards.com/thread/2885/baker-fight-8-14-1872. | |||
| July 1874 | Fort Reno was built in northern Oklahoma by troops of the 6th U.S. Cavalry under Colonel Thomas H. Neil near the Darlington Indian Agency. The Darlington Indian Agency was responsible for the southern Cheyenne and Arapaho. | Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Arapaho | - |
| 4 July 1874 | Captain Alfred E. Bates with 63 soldiers, 20 scouts (white and Shoshone) and 167 Eastern Shoshone under Washakie attack an Arapaho camp under Black Coal in Wyoming west of Thermopolis (Hot Springs County, in northern Wyoming). After the Arapaho climbed a hill and began shooting at the soldiers, they retreated without recovering their dead. Bates had 4 dead soldiers and about 6 wounded, the Arapaho between 10 and 25 dead and many wounded. | Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) | Black Coal |
| February 1876 | Reynolds Battle 1876 - Bighorn Expedition March 1876 - When the troops of General George W. Crook and Colonel Joseph Reynolds gathered to attack the Northern Cheyenne village at Fort Fetterman, there was a Northern Arapaho village under Chief Black Coal near Fort Fetterman on the North Platte River. Black Coal informed General George W. Crook that the Northern Cheyenne Crook was looking for were about 150 miles from Fort Fetterman, south of Fort Reno on the Powder River. | Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) | Black Coal |
| 14 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - After the Battle of Little Big Horn, the US army wanted to drive the last remaining free prairie Indians onto the reservations. General Crook was ordered to lead a winter expedition into the Powder River and Tongue River area. General Crook, Colonel Mackenzie and Colonel Dodge left Fort Fetterman at a temperature of about -15 degrees with about 2,000 soldiers, 400 Indian scouts (63 Oglala, 55 Arapaho, 105 Bannock, Eastern Shoshone, 48 Pawnee and 10 Northern Cheyenne) and 175 supply wagons. The soldiers had to fight their way through a lot of snow. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears |
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| Fort Fetterman in winter. Source: http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/rosebud.html. | |||
| 15 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - The Powder River Expedition was camped on Sage Creek, 11 miles from Fort Fetterman. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears |
| 16 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - The Powder River Expedition was camped 29 miles from Fort Fetterman. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears |
| 17 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - The Powder River Expedition camped on the Dry Fork Powder River. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears |
| 18 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - The Powder River Expedition camped at the old Fort Reno on the Powder River. The former Fort Reno was now a U.S. Army supply depot. The supply depot was commanded by Captain Edwin Pollock of the 15th Regiment. During the night, 8 Oglala of the Red Cloud Agency and 6 Arapaho were sent out as scouts to search the area north and west towards the Bighorn Mountains for Indians. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears |
| 21 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - Scouts from the Oglala and Arapaho encountered a young Cheyenne at Clear Creek. Based on the young warrior's statements, Crook came to the conclusion that there must be Cheyenne Indians in the vicinity. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears |
| 22 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - On this day, the expedition hiked 28 miles (!) and camped at Crazy Woman's Fork. A young Cheyenne from the Red Cloud Agency came to Crook's camp and reported that there was a large Northern Cheyenne camp nearby. Crook ordered Colonel Mackenzie to get his soldiers ready to march and attack the Northern Cheyenne village. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears |
| 23 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - In the late afternoon, Colonel Mackenzie left the camp at Crazy Woman's Fork with about 1,100 men. Mackenzie took almost all the Indian scouts with him. 14 Pawnee and Shoshone scouts left Crook's Camp with orders to explore the area north to the Bighorn Mountains. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears |
| 23 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - Mackenzie marched 12 miles along Crazy Woman Creek to the mouth of Beaver Creek and camped there. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears |
| 24 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - In the morning 5 Indian scouts arrived at Mackenzie and reported that they had discovered a Northern Cheyenne village with about 200 tents. Mackenzie now planned to march through the night and attack the village on the morning of November 25. At 2 a.m. Mackenzie was still about 8 miles from the village at 'Sioux Pass' (before today's Dull Knife Pass). | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears |
| 25 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - At dawn, Colonel Mackenzie attacked the Northern Cheyenne camp of Dull Knife and Little Wolf on the Red Fork River (in the area west of present-day Kaycee in central Wyoming. The Indians called the river Willow Creek at the time). Company after company rode toward the Northern Cheyenne village. The 48 Pawnee rode east of the Red Fork River, crossed the Red Fork River and rode right into the village. The Pawnee were to prevent the Cheyenne at the western end of the village from retreating to the nearby hills and firing into the village from there. The Shoshone climbed the hills west of the village and began firing into the village. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears Dull Knife Little Wolf |
| 25 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - At dawn, Colonel Mackenzie attacked the Northern Cheyenne camp of Dull Knife and Little Wolf on the Red Fork River (in the area west of present-day Kaycee in central Wyoming. The Indians called the river Willow Creek at the time). Company after company rode toward the Northern Cheyenne village. The 48 Pawnee rode east of the Red Fork River, crossed the Red Fork River and rode into the middle of the village. The Pawnee were to prevent the Cheyenne at the western end of the village from retreating to the nearby hills and firing into the village from there. The Shoshone climbed the hills west of the village and began firing into the village. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears Dull Knife Little Wolf |
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| The Northern Cheyenne were attacked in this valley. Source: Thomet Daniel 2009.1) Mackenzie attacked from here 2) Northern Cheyenne village 3) Deep Ravine 4) Cheyenne defensive position 5) Mackenzie's Hill. | |||
| 25 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - Approximately in the middle of the village, a deep ravine stretched to the north. Here, 30 to 40 Cheyenne hid and began shooting at the soldiers of Second Lieutenant McKinney's approaching company. McKinney was hit by at least six bullets and died. Company F of the 4th U.S. Cavalry and Company H of the 5th U.S. Cavalry rushed to the aid of McKinney's soldiers. Two more companies of the 3rd U.S. Cavalry and the 5th U.S. Cavalry were needed to drive the Cheyenne out of the cut. The surviving Cheyenne retreated to the raised defensive positions at the west end of the village. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears Dull Knife Little Wolf |
| 25 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - Mackenzie set up his headquarters on a hill to the south of the village. From here, he had a very good overview of the village and could deploy his troops in a targeted manner. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears Dull Knife Little Wolf |
| 25 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - After a few hours, the whole village was in the hands of the soldiers. The Cheyenne had retreated to the hill on the western edge of the village. From there, they were able to keep the soldiers at a distance. Soldiers and Cheyenne engaged in a firefight from a great distance. The soldiers could have stormed the hill, but only at great cost. The Pawnee began to burn down the 173 tents in the village. Later, the Pawnee were supported by Company K of the 3rd US Cavalry and Company F of the 4th US Cavalry. 700 ponies were captured. 40 Cheyenne were killed. Little Wolf was wounded 6 times. 6 soldiers were killed and 24 wounded. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears Dull Knife Little Wolf |
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| Gun emplacement on the hill west of the village. Source: Daniel Thomet 2009. | |||
| 25 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - The surviving Cheyenne gathered in a canyon behind the rifle ranges at the western end of the village. They decided to ask for help in the village of Crazy Horse. That same night, the Cheyenne began their march to Crazy Horse. Most Cheyenne did not have time to take clothing or even their sacred war medicine with them. As a result, many Cheyenne were traveling almost naked. On the first night, 11 infants died in their mothers' arms in temperatures of around -30 degrees. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears Dull Knife Little Wolf |
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| The Cheyenne fled through this canyon. Source: Daniel Thomet 2009. | |||
| 26 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - The 14 Pawnee and Shoshone scouts who left Crook's Camp on Nov. 23 encountered the Cheyenne marching in a blizzard. The scouts managed to drive away about half of the 200 Cheyenne horses. The scouts estimated that about 1,200 Cheyenne were on the run. Most of them were almost naked, without mochasins, blankets or ammunition. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears Dull Knife Little Wolf |
| 26 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - Mackenzie began his return march to Crazy Woman's Fork in the afternoon. Late that afternoon, Mackenzie joined the 14 scouts who left Crook's Camp on Nov. 23. The scouts reported the clash with the Cheyenne and about 100 horses running away. Mackenzie camped in Willow Creek late in the evening. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears Dull Knife Little Wolf |
| 26 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - Crook received news of the successful attack on the Cheyenne village from a scout. At noon, Crook and Dodge began an express march with the 9th US Infantry toward Mackenzie. That day, the troops traveled 35 miles through the snow. At 11:00 p.m., Crook and Frank Grouard reached the Willow Creek valley, not far from Mackenzie. Here they both waited for the rest of the troop. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears Dull Knife Little Wolf |
| 27 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - In the morning, Mackenzie continued his march toward Crook and Dodge's camp at Crazy Woman's Fork. After 14 miles, Mackenzie camped at Willow Creek. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears Dull Knife Little Wolf |
| 27 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - At 10:00 a.m., Crook received word that Mackenzie was on his way to camp at Crazy Woman's Fork. Crook and Dodge returned to the camp at Crazy Woman's Fork, as Mackenzie was obviously no longer in need of Dodge's help. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears Dull Knife Little Wolf |
| 28 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - At noon it began to snow again. After a 10-mile march, Mackenzie's troops camped. It was very cold. The soldiers could not make a fire as there was no more wood in the area. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears Dull Knife Little Wolf |
| 29 November 1876 | Dull Knife Fight 1876 - Crooks Powder River Campaign Winter 1876 - After another 10 miles, Mackenzie finally reached Crook and Dodge's camp at Crazy Woman's Fork. | Oglala (Lakota) Bannock (Northern Paiute) Eastern Shoshone Pawnee Arapaho Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Northern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) | Three Bears Dull Knife Little Wolf |
| Winter 1877 | Against their will, the Northern Arapaho are forced to spend the winter of 1877/78 on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming with the Shoshone. In the medium term, the Northern Arapaho are promised their own reservation in Powder River County, which they never receive. Since then, the Wind River Reservation has been the home of the Northern Arapaho. | Shoshone Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) | - |
| 1882 | On the Wind River Reservation of the Northern Arapaho and Eastern Shoshone, the Indians sell 4,200 buffalo hides to the whites. | Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Eastern Shoshone | - |
| 1883 | On the Wind River Reservation of the Northern Arapaho and Eastern Shoshone, the Indians sell 1,500 buffalo hides and 4,500 pounds of deer meat to the whites. | Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Eastern Shoshone | - |
| 1884 | On the Wind River Reservation of the Northern Arapaho and Eastern Shoshone, the Indians still sell 500 buffalo hides and 6,000 pounds of deer meat to the whites. | Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Eastern Shoshone | - |
| 1884 | In the Wind River Reservation of the Northern Arapaho and Eastern Shoshone, the Indians no longer sell buffalo hides, but 7,000 pounds of deer meat to the whites. Apparently the bison is extinct in this area. | Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Eastern Shoshone | - |
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| Bison in Custer State Park in South Dakota. Source: Thomet Daniel 2010 | |||
| Autumn 1886 | On the Wind River Reservation of the Northern Arapaho and Eastern Shoshone in Wyoming, the Ghost Dance was danced every night for weeks. Lakota, Cheyenne and tribes from the reservations in Oklahoma came to the Wind River Reservation, which was the center of the Ghost Dance movement at the time. | Eastern Shoshone Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Lakota Cheyenne | - |
| Autumn 1886 | The Lakota assembled a second delegation for a trip to Wovoka. This time the delegation was to travel directly to the prophet Wovoka in Nevada to learn more about the Ghost Dance. Representatives of the Oglala, Brule and Miniconjou tribes took part in this journey. No representatives of the Hunkpapa were present. On the way to Nevada, some Cheyenne and Arapaho joined the group. | Oglala (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Miniconjou (Lakota) Cheyenne Arapaho Northern Paiute (Paiute) | Good Thunder Short Bull Kicking Bear Wovoka |
| 1892 | A new state school for children was built in the Wind River Reservation. Right from the start, the children had difficulties with everyday school life and civilization, which they first had to get used to. The infant mortality rate was 50% right from the start. It was not until 1901 that the regulations were relaxed by allowing children to go home part of the year (instead of having to be present more or less all day during the year). From this point onwards, the infant mortality rate improved dramatically. | Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Eastern Shoshone | - |
| 10 July 1893 | Black Coal, the last chief of the Northern Arapaho, died at the age of 50 in Arapaho (about 18 miles east of Fort Washakie, Wyoming). Black Coal was always a friend of the US government and participated in numerous US Army expeditions against the Lakota and Cheyenne, including the Battle of Bates Creek in 1874. | Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) | Black Coal |
| June 1895 | Harper's New Monthly Magazine published an account of the Battle of Beecher's Island in 1868, written by George A. Forsyth, the commanding officer at the time: Years after the battle, Forsyth met a young Brule chief who had taken part in the battle. He learned from him that the Oglala, Cheyenne and Arapaho had suffered 75 dead warriors. The Brule chief mentioned that many more warriors had been wounded. And of these wounded warriors, many more had died from their wounds. | Oglala (Lakota) Cheyenne Arapaho | - |
| 1907 | Through a 'treaty', the Northern Arapaho and Eastern Shoshone of the Windriver Reservation in Wyoming lost 1.5 million acres of land north of the Big Wind River. They were left with 800,000 acres. | Northern Arapaho (Arapaho) Shoshone | - |