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| Book cover | Autor | Title | Description |
| Bild | Autor | Leer | Beschreibung |
| Date | Event | Tribe | Chief |
1400  | The Abenaki were a confederation of tribes in the north-east of the USA who formed a counterweight to the strong Iroquois confederation. The Abenaki consisted of the Western Abenaki (in the area of present-day Maine, approx. 20,000 people), the Eastern Abenaki (in the area of Vermont and New Hampshire / Canada, approx. 10,000 people) and the Coastal Abenaki with approx. 10,000 people. In the 16th century, the first epidemics broke out among the Abenaki, who had probably come into contact with European fishermen (English, French, Spanish, Portuguese) at an early stage. According to the 'Handbook of North American Indians', the following tribes belonged to the Abenaki: Eastern Abenaki: Arosaguntacook, Kennebec, Penobscot (on both sides of the Penobscot River in Maine), Pigwacket Western Abenaki: Arsigantegok, Cowasuck, Missisquoi, Penacook, Sokoki. The Penacook were the southernmost Abenaki group and thus the first tribe of the Abenaki Confederacy to come into contact with the English in Jamestown (Virginia) and especially from 1621 with the Pilgrim Fathers in Plymouth (Massachusetts).   | Abenaki Arosaguntacook (Abenaki) Kennebec (Abenaki) Penobscot (Abenaki) Pigwacket (Abenaki) Arsigantegok (Abenaki) Cowasuck (Abenaki) Missisquoi (Abenaki) Penacook (Abenaki) Sokoki (Abenaki) Iroquois | - |
| 15th Century | The Abenaki in southwestern Maine began farming and cultivated pumpkins, corn and beans. The Abenaki in eastern Maine, however, remained hunter-gatherers. | Abenaki | - |
| June 1524 | Giovanni Verrazano Expedition 1524 - Verrazano left Narragansett Bay and sailed north along the coast to Maine. There he met the Eastern Abenaki. | Abenaki | - |
| 1564 | The Abenaki were afflicted by an unknown quest, probably due to early contact with European fishermen. | Abenaki | - |
| 1586 | The Abenaki were infected with typhus. | Abenaki | - |
| 1570 - 1610 | The indigenous pottery of the Abenaki in Maine was displaced by the increasing use of metal pots and metalware in general. The Abenaki obtained these through trade with the Indians in Nova Scotia (province in northeastern Canada), who in turn acquired them from the Europeans in the St. Lawrence River area. Although there were no permanent European settlements in the area at this time, many fishermen from Spain, France and England were already making frequent visits to the fish-rich waters of the St. Lawrence River. | Abenaki | - |
| About 1600 | The number of Penobscot before first contact with the Europeans is estimated at around 10,000. | Penobscot (Abenaki) | - |
| About 600 AD | It is assumed that the Pocumtuc numbered more than 5,000 people. Epidemics, wars against the Iroquois and King Philip's War meant that there were hardly any survivors of this tribe 75 years later. The survivors found refuge in a Mahican village on the Hudson River. Over time, the Pocumtuc and Nipmuk joined the Abenaki. | Pocumtuc Nipmuk Abenaki | - |
| Beginn Juni 1603 | Martin Pring Expedition 1603 - Martin Pring landed at Monhegan (a small island in the south of what is now the state of Maine) or in the area of Pemaquid Neck (Maine). Long before the arrival of the Europeans, Pemaquid Indians (Abenaki) lived in what is now Bristol County in what is now the state of Maine. Samoset, who was 13 years old at the time, probably lived in a village on Pemaquid Neck. Samoset was the Indian who was later to greet the newly arrived Pilgrim Fathers near the present-day town of Plymouth with the famous words 'Hello Englishmen'. | Pemaquid (Abenaki) | Samoset |
| Middle of June 1603 | Martin Pring Expedition 1603 - Downstream of the Piscataqua River, Pring did not see any Abenaki Indians, but he saw signs of them everywhere, such as abandoned hearths, etc. Pring may have been in the area southeast of Dover in what is now New Hamspshire. Pring did not find any sassafras roots in this area. | Abenaki | - |
| Middle of June 1603 | Martin Pring Expedition 1603 - Downstream of the Piscataqua River, Pring did not see any Abenaki Indians, but he saw signs of them everywhere, such as abandoned hearths and so on. Pring may have been in the area southeast of Dover in what is now New Hamspshire. Pring did not find any sassafras roots in this area. | Abenaki | - |
| September 1604 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Abenaki Indians met Samuel de Champlain in 1604 near the town of Bangor in the US state of Maine. | Abenaki | - |
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| Abenaki Indians. Source: http://indianspictures.blogspot.ch/2011/09/abenaki-indian-pictures.html | |||
| 3 June 1605 | Weymouth Expedition 1605 - A boat with 15 men rowed ashore in canoes to negotiate with the Indians. There were 283 Indians on land, each of the warriors armed with a bow and arrow. However, the men were unable to discover any trade goods among the Indians and returned to the ship. Samoset was probably among the Indians, or at least he had heard of the English. Samoset's village was probably on Pemaquid Neck. | Kennebec (Abenaki) Pemaquid (Abenaki) | Samoset |
| 4 June 1605 | Weymouth Expedition 1605 - That day, the English captured five Abenaki Indians and imprisoned them on the lower deck of the ship. Their names were Tahanedo, Amoret, Skicowaros, Maneddo and Skidwarres. The five captured Indians were taken to England, where they learned English. | Kennebec (Abenaki) Kennebec (Abenaki) | Skidwarres Tahanedo |
| 18 June 1605 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - From St. Croix Island, Champlain and de Monts traveled south again along the coast of Maine. At the mouth of the Saco River in southwestern Maine, they discovered a village surrounded by palisades. The Indians cultivated corn, beans, pumpkins and tobacco. The corn was already about one meter high at this time. Champlain called the tribe 'Almouchiquois', probably Abenaki Indians. | Abenaki | - |
| 18 June 1605 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - From St. Croix Island, Champlain and de Monts headed south again along the coast of Maine. At the mouth of the Saco River, they discovered a village surrounded by palisades. The Indians were growing corn, beans, pumpkins and tobacco. The corn was already about one meter high at this time. Champlain called the tribe 'Almouchiquois', probably Abenaki Indians. | Abenaki | - |
| August 1605 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - Due to the poor location, the French left St. Croix Island in Maine and moved to Port Royal (Nova Scotia) in the territory of the Micmac Indians. Trade with the Penobscot continued and the Penobscot under their chief Bashaba formed a grand alliance with the Indians of the region. This enabled the Micmac to be pushed back. | Micmac Penobscot (Abenaki) | Bashaba |
| 1607 - 1630 | Samuel de Champlain Expedition 1603-1635 - The Indians of Maine (Abenaki) and Nova Scotia (Micmac) fought with the French for supremacy in the fur trade. | Abenaki | - |
| 31 May 1607 | George Popham Expedition 1607-1608 - The second and third ships of the Plymouth Company with 120 colonists left the port of Plymouth under the leadership of George Popham. The colonists wanted to trade in furs, metals and spices. Among them were Tahanedo and Skidwarres, two of the five Indians captured by Weymouth on June 4, 1605 (see Waymouth Expedition 1605). | Kennebec (Abenaki) Kennebec (Abenaki) | Tahanedo Skidwarres |
| 7 August 1607 | George Popham Expedition 1607-1608 - The two ships of the Plymouth Company reached Phippsburg in what is now the state of Maine. The captains of the two ships, Thomas Hanham and Martin Pring, explored a larger area than Waymouth and preferred the Kennebec River (instead of the St. George River, which had been explored by Waymouth in 1605). | Kennebec (Abenaki) | - |
| 13 August 1607 | George Popham Expedition 1607-1608 - The two ships of the Plymouth Company with George Popham, Raleigh Gilbert and about 120 men, the 'Gift of God' and the 'Mary and John', reached the mouth of the Kennebec River in Maine on August 13 and 16. Not far from there, on Pemaquid Neck, Samoset lived in a Pemaquid Indian village. Popham soon released the two Indians Tahanedo and Skidwarres. Popham hoped that this would lead to a good relationship with the Indians. In fact, however, the two Indians were critical of the English and warned the Indians against the English. This later led to the failure of Popham's colony. | Kennebec (Abenaki) Kennebec (Abenaki) Pemaquid (Abenaki) | Tahanedo Skidwarres Samoset |
| End of August 1607 | George Popham Expedition 1607-1608 - The settlers immediately began construction of Fort St. George (near today's Fort Baldwin State Historic Site). The fort consisted of 18 buildings and 9 cannons. | Kennebec (Abenaki) | - |
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| Fort St. George. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FortStGeorgePophamColonyJohnHuntMap.gif. | |||
| 16 December 1607 | George Popham Expedition 1607-1608 - The late arrival of the settlers from the Popham colony meant that no more food could be grown. As a result, around half of the settlers returned to England. The winter of 1607/1608 was also unusually cold. | Kennebec (Abenaki) | - |
| 1607 | The Micmac and Maliseet began a war against the Penobscot Confederacy for supremacy in the fur trade. This war lasted 8 years with minor interruptions. Rivalries between these tribes had already existed before. The battle for supremacy in the fur trade with the French exacerbated the situation and triggered the war. | Micmac Penobscot (Abenaki) Maliseet (Abenaki) | Bashaba |
| 1607 | The English from Jamestown tried to establish a colony on the Kennebec River in Maine and came into contact with the Abenaki. | Abenaki | - |
| 5 February 1608 | George Popham Expedition 1607-1608 - George Popham died. Raleigh Gilbert took over the management of the colony. Under Gilbert's leadership, the settlers searched for gold, fished, built houses and traded with the Indians for food. | Kennebec (Abenaki) | - |
| Summer 1608 | George Popham Expedition 1607-1608 - The Abenaki attacked Fort St. George and killed 11 settlers. The colonists never had a good relationship with the Abenaki Indians. Probably also because Skiddwarres was able to flee to the Abenaki Indians and then stirred up sentiment against the English among the Abenaki. Skiddwarres was captured by George Weymouth during the 1605 expedition along the north-east coast, taken to England and brought back to Fort St. George by Gilbert. | Kennebec (Abenaki) | Skidwarres |
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| Sagadahoc Colony 1607/1608 Source: Thomet Daniel 2018 (Mashantucket Pequot Museum, Connecticut) | |||
| October 1608 | George Popham Expedition 1607-1608 - A supply ship from England brought the news that Gilbert's father had died. Gilbert could not help himself and returned to England in October. With him, the entire colony returned to England with 4 ships. Another attempt by the English to colonize North America had thus failed. | Kennebec (Abenaki) | - |
| Winter 1608 / 1609 | The first French settlement in North America, Quebec, was able to survive under the leadership of Samuel de Champlain, develop steadily and intensify the fur trade with the surrounding tribes such as the Montagnais, Algonquins, Hurons and Abenaki. 16 of the 24 men did not survive the first winter and died of scurvy and other diseases. Soon after, the second French settlement on the St. Lawrence River, Montreal, was established. The Iroquois were no longer in the valley of the St. Lawrence River at this time. Only the ruined palisades of their former villages and the cleared fields still reminded us of the Iroquois. The Iroquois were probably driven out by the Hurons, with the men being killed and the women and children integrated into the tribe. A practice that was later adopted by the Iroquois in order to replenish their own ranks. This made it possible for the French to expand from Tadoussac to Montreal without having to negotiate, conclude treaties or purchase land. In Québec, the French pursued the goal of earning money with the fur trade. Fishing was too unprofitable as the ice-free period in this region was simply too short. This made it impossible to compete with the fishermen who came to Labrador from the European coasts every spring. Their fish reached the European market much faster and they were able to sell much larger quantities. | Huron (Wendat) Montagnais (Innu) Iroquois Abenaki Algonquin | - |
| Winter 1608 / 1609 | The French began to abandon their trading posts in Maine and the later Canadian provinces of New Hampshire and Nova Scotia, as these areas were too exposed to attacks by the English in Jamestown. By 1616, there was only one small trading post left at Port Royal and another at the mouth of the Penobscot River into the Atlantic in Maine. | Micmac Abenaki | - |
| Summer 1611 | Edward Harlow Expedition 1611 - On Monhegan Island in the present-day state of Maine, Harlow's men captured three Indians (probably from the Abenaki tribe): Pechmo, Monopet and Pekenimne. Pechmo was able to save himself by jumping overboard. Pechmo went for help. Abenaki shot arrows at the ship. 3 Englishmen were wounded. | Abenaki | - |
| 1613 | French priests established a trading post for the Penobscot in the Bar Harbor area of Maine, even as the Tarrateen War raged between the Abenaki and Micmac. At the end of 1613, the trading post was destroyed again - not by Indians, but by English troops from Jamestown. | Penobscot (Abenaki) Micmac | Bashaba |
| May - Juli 1614 | John Smith Expedition 1614 - Smith came to Monhegan Island, an island about 10 miles from the mainland. From here he wanted to hunt whales and search for gold and copper on the island. Not far away, on the mainland of what is now the state of Maine, Samoset lived in a Pemaquid (Abenaki) village: By this time, Samoset must have been a chief. | Pemaquid (Abenaki) | Samoset |
| 1614 | Captain John Smith explored and mapped the area north of New England and encountered the Abenaki. | Abenaki | - |
| Spring 1615 Nicht erkannter Quellenhinweis | The Micmac succeeded in capturing and killing Sachem Bashaba of the Penobscot Confederacy. The Micmac and Maliseet had thus won the Tarrateen War. Over the next two years, the Micmac repeatedly raided Abenaki villages in Maine. In the course of these raids, the Micmac moved south to Massachusetts and came into contact with the English and the plagues and diseases they brought with them. The Micmac brought these diseases home with them. As a result, about 3/4 of the Micmac in Maine died. | Penobscot (Abenaki) Maliseet (Abenaki) Micmac | Bashaba |
| 1617 | The 1617 epidemic in Maine claimed the lives of 75% of the eastern Abenaki. Perhaps 5,000 of the original 20,000 people survived the epidemic. The western Abenaki were further away from the coast and less affected by epidemics. | Abenaki | - |
| 16 March 1621 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Once again, the Pilgrim Fathers gathered at the 'rendezvous' to discuss military matters. And again they were disturbed by Indians. Again an Indian stood on Watson's Hill, but this time it was only one. And this time the Indian marched towards the Pilgrims. Before the rendezvous, one of the Pilgrims approached the Indian and blocked his path. The Indian then said the famous words: 'Welcome, Englishman' The Indian was Samoset. The settlers were amazed that Samoset spoke English well. Samoset was abducted from Plymouth Bay in 1614 during Thomas Dermer's expedition and taken to England, where he lived for some time, learned English and probably found his way back to New England in 1618.  | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pemaquid (Abenaki) | Samoset |
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| Samoset visited the Pilgrim Fathers in Plymouth in March 1621. source: https://www.samoset.org/document/samoset-history-by-jerry-reif/182909. | |||
| 22 March 1621 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Treaty with the Pilgrims 1621Massasoit, Squanto, Samoset and about 60 warriors visited the Pilgrim Fathers in Plymouth and signed a first treaty. The treaty read. 1. that he should not harm any of his own. 2. that if one of his own has done something to one of them, he should send the guilty party to punish him. (3) If anything has been taken from them, he shall have it returned, and they shall do the same with his. (4) If someone wages war against him unjustly, they should help him; if someone wages war against them, they should help them. (5) They shall send allies to their neighbors to confirm this to them, so that they will not wrong them, but also so that they will not be disturbed in peace. 6th That they should leave their bows and arrows behind when their men came to them. 7. that King James should regard Massasoit as his friend and ally. In 1639, Massasoit was to confirm the treaty in Plymouth. Massasoit promised to return in less than a week to bring corn seed and sow corn with the Pilgrims on the south bank of Town Brook. The English gave Massasoit a large pot of dried English peas. The English probably wished that Massasoit's power would extend much further than it did after the epidemic. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Pemaquid (Abenaki) Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Patuxet (Wampanoag) | Massasoit Samoset Hobbamock Squanto (Tisquantum) |
| 1621 | In the area between Amoskeag Falls near Manchester (New Hampshire) and Lowell (Massachusetts) lived the Pennacook Indians under Chief Passaconaway. | Penacook (Abenaki) | Passaconaway |
| 1624 - 1628 | The Mohawk fought for four years against the Mahican, who were supported by the Sokoki (Abenaki) and Pocumtuc (Abenaki). The Mohawk were victorious and pushed the Mahican back into the area east of the Hudson River and then began to attack the Sokoki and Penacook. Because of this, the Penacook had to form an alliance with the English settlers in Massachusetts. | Mohawk (Iroquois) Mahican Sokoki (Abenaki) Pocumtuc Penacook (Abenaki) | - |
| 1629 | After the Mohawk had defeated the Mahican, they turned to the Sokoki and Penacook. The Sokoki and Penacook asked the English and French for help. Both refused, however, as the still young and small colonies feared the powerful Iroquois, which included the Mohawk. The Mohawk would probably also have destroyed the Sokoki and Penacook if they had not suddenly become embroiled in a war against the powerful Algonquins and Montagnais in the St. Lawrence Valley. The Montagnais had a powerful ally, the French. The Mohawk made peace with the Sokoki and Penacook. | Mohawk (Iroquois) Sokoki (Abenaki) Penacook (Abenaki) Algonkin Montagnais (Innu) | - |
| 1631 - 1639 | The Abenaki were hit by three smallpox epidemics between 1631 and 1639. | Abenaki | - |
| 1642 | Mohawk, Mahican and Sokoki 1642The Mohawk, Sokoki and Mahican allied themselves against the mighty Montagnais and began a war against the Montagnais that would last until 1650. | Mohawk (Iroquois) Sokoki (Abenaki) Mahican Montagnais (Innu) | - |
| 1645 | Mohawk, Mahican and Sokoki 1642The Mohawk, Sokoki and Mahican attacked a Montagnais village near Sillery (Quebec). The village of Sillery was a so-called Reduction. These were villages where Indians were settled under the control of French Jesuits. | Mohawk (Iroquois) Sokoki (Abenaki) Mahican Montagnais (Innu) | - |
| 1646 | The Abenaki were afflicted by another plague. | Abenaki | - |
| 1646 | French Jesuits visited villages of the Kennebec (Abenaki) and Penobscot (Abenaki). This was astonishing, as the entire fur trade had bypassed the Abenaki until then, as the French tended to trade with the Iroquois and the English with the New England tribes. | Kennebec (Abenaki) Penobscot (Abenaki) | - |
| 1647 | Abenaki and Montagnais 1647The eastern Abenaki allied themselves with their former enemies, the Montagnais, and began a war against the Iroquois. | Abenaki Montagnais (Innu) Iroquois | - |
| 1647 | After the eastern Abenaki allied with the Montagnais against the Iroquois, villages of the Pigwacket (Abenaki) and Ossipee (Algonkin) on the Upper Saco River in northwestern New Hampshire were attacked by the Mohawk (Iroquois). The Ossipee were one of the 12 tribes of the Algonkin. | Abenaki Pigwacket (Abenaki) Ossipee (Algonquin) Mohawk (Iroquois) | - |
| 1649 | The Abenaki were ravaged by smallpox. | Abenaki | - |
| 1650 | Mohawk, Mahican and Sokoki 1642The alliance between the Mohawk, Mahican and Sokoki broke down after the Iroquois (and thus also the Mohawk) had defeated the Huron in the winter of 1648/1649. The Mohawk immediately began to attack the Sokoki and Pocumtuc again. | Mohawk (Iroquois) Mahican Sokoki (Abenaki) Pocumtuc | - |
| 1650 | The French were worried about their own safety because of the strength of the Iroquois and began to forge alliances among the Indians against the Iroquois. Although the Pilgrim Fathers in Plymouth recognized the danger, the Indians in New England could not be persuaded to form an alliance against the Iroquois. So the French had no choice but to provide their allies, the Sokoki and the Eastern Abenaki and their allies, with weapons and ammunition. | Sokoki (Abenaki) Pocumtuc Penacook (Abenaki) Mahican Montagnais (Innu) Iroquois | - |
| 1653 | The Mohawk (Iroquois) began to attack villages of the western Sokoki (Abenaki), but soon stopped because they were enemies with the Susquehannock in Pennsylvania and could not fight on two fronts. The war lasted until 1655. The Susquehannock were probably targeted by the Mohawk because they had taken many of them in after the defeat of the Hurons. | Mohawk (Iroquois) Sokoki (Abenaki) Susquehannock | - |
| 1653 | Samoset probably died in 1653 in Pemaquid, Bristol, Maine. | Pemaquid (Abenaki) | Samoset |
| 1654 | The English conquered Port Royal from the French for the second time and remained there until 1667, bringing an abrupt end to French support of the Abenaki with arms and ammunition. The Abenaki were supplied by the English until 1664, but only until 1664, when the English bought New Amsterdam (later New York) from the Dutch. At this time, the English also signed a trade treaty with the Mohawk. | Abenaki | - |
| 1658 | After the Mohawk had fought and defeated almost all the surrounding tribes, only the Sokoki, Penacook and Pocumtuc remained. The Mahican were forced to leave the alliance in 1658 and conclude a separate peace with the Mohawk. | Mohawk (Iroquois) Sokoki (Abenaki) Penacook (Abenaki) Pocumtuc | - |
| 1659 | Diphtheria among the Abenaki. | Abenaki | - |
| 1660 | The Mohawk again began to attack the Abenaki in Maine, as they were allied with the Montagnais. | Mohawk (Iroquois) Abenaki Montagnais (Innu) | - |
| Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Introduction to King Philip's War 1675-1676 The war was New England's greatest tragedy of the 17th century and is considered by many to be the most costly war in American colonial history. In just over a year, 12 New England towns were destroyed and many more damaged. The economy of the Plymouth and Rhode Island colonies was nearly ruined after the war, the population decimated, and a tenth of all able-bodied men died. More than half of New England's towns were attacked by Indians. King Philip (Metacomet) fought with the Wampanoag, Narragasett, Pokanoket, Nipmuck, Pocumtuck and Eastern Abenaki against the English, who were supported by the Pequot, Mohegan and Western Niantic. New England was increasingly settled. The first generation of settlers had an average of 8 children per family, who needed their own farms from the 1660s onwards. Land suitable for agriculture was scarce, with only around 20 % of the total area suitable for farming. King Philip (Metacom) and his people had already been forced back to the area around Mount Hope. Wherever Philip looked, all he saw around him were English villages. To the north the village of Wannamoisett, to the south in Rhode Island the flourishing towns of Portsmouth and Newport, to the west the hated Narragansett. Only in the east were the English not yet here, where the Pocasset lived under Chief Weetamoo. The beavers had almost been wiped out, the wampums had been heavily devalued and a lot of land had been sold to the English. The English were extremely hungry for land and the pressure on the Indians was increasing. One of the biggest points of contention was that the many English cattle kept escaping from the English farms and feasting on the Indians' corn. Of the approximately 70,000 people who lived in New England before the outbreak of the war, around 5,000 died, more than 2/3 of them Indians. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Narragansett Nipmuk Pocumtuc Eastern Abenaki (Abenaki) Pequot Mohegan Western Niantic | Philip | |
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| Overview of King Philip's War 1675-1676, source: Thomet Daniel 2018 (Mashantucket Pequot Museum, Connecticut). | |||
| 1662 | The Mohawk began to attack the Penobscot, as they were the allies of the Montagnais. | Mohawk (Iroquois) Penobscot (Abenaki) Montagnais (Innu) | - |
| 1665 | The Mohawk continued to fight against the Pocumtuc's allies, the Sokoki and Penacook. The war was interrupted when the French brought 1200 soldiers of the Carigan-Salieres regiment to Canada in 1665 and raided Mohawk villages in the winter of 1665. | Mohawk (Iroquois) Pocumtuc Sokoki (Abenaki) Penacook (Abenaki) | - |
| Winter 1665 | 600 French soldiers of the Carignan-Salieres regiment attempted to attack the Mohawk, but the attack was unsuccessful. The Carignan regiment of over 1,000 soldiers had been raised by the French to break the dominance of the Iroquois, who were hindering French trade with the Indians. In September 1666, the soldiers succeeded in destroying 4 of the 5 Mohawk villages. The Mohawk asked the governor of New York for help. He agreed, but only on condition that the Mohawk made peace with the Sokoki and Mahican. The Mahican, who had been fighting the Mohawk since 1662, agreed, but the Sokoki did not. In 1666, the Mohawk attacked the Penacook and the Mohawk were attacked by the Sokoki and Kennebec. | Mohawk (Iroquois) Sokoki (Abenaki) Mahican | - |
| Summer 1666 | As a result of the failed peace efforts between the Mohawk and Sokoki in the winter of 1665, the Mohawk attacked the Penacook and the Mohawk were attacked by the Sokoki and Kennebec. | Mohawk (Iroquois) Penacook (Abenaki) Sokoki (Abenaki) Kennebec (Abenaki) | - |
| 1667 | Iroquois with England 1667The Iroquois had to make peace with the English. This allowed the western Iroquois to fight the Susquehannock more vigorously again. In turn, the Mohawk attacked the Penacook with renewed vigor. | Iroquois Mohawk (Iroquois) Penacook (Abenaki) Susquehannock | - |
| 1668 | The Mohawk succeeded in driving the Penacook from New Hampshire to southern Maine. | Mohawk (Iroquois) Penacook (Abenaki) | - |
| 4 August 1669 | Lachine Massacre 1689 - Around 1500 Iroquois attacked the small village of Lachine near Montreal with 390 inhabitants and killed 100 Frenchmen. Subsequently, the Iroquois repeatedly attacked settlements and retreated into the woods in good time. In mid-October, the Compte de Frontenac arrived in Québec with soldiers from France. The French wanted to fight back and attack the English town of Albany. Albany supplied the Iroquois with weapons, lead, gunpowder and other trade goods. In the winter of 1689, Frontenac attacked the Iroquois village of Schenectady, among others. Counterattacks by the English from Albany failed. In Nova Scotia, French settlers attacked English fishing boats and the Micmac and Abenaki killed around 200 English settlers. Fort Pemaquid with 90 men was also captured. Nevertheless, a New England expedition under Sir William Phips captured Port Royal in the fall of 1689 without a fight. | Iroquois Micmac Abenaki | - |
| 1669 | An alliance of Algonkin from New England, Sokoki and Mahican managed to attack and destroy a Mohawk village, but on the way back the alliance warriors were ambushed. | Algonquin Sokoki (Abenaki) Mahican | - |
| About 670 AD | The French Baron de Saint-Castin, an officer in the French army, was adopted by the Penobscots and married a daughter of Sachem Madockawando in 1678. He later became a Penobscot man. | Penobscot (Abenaki) Penobscot (Abenaki) | Baron de Saint-Castin Madockawando |
| 1670 | Due to the battles against the superior Iroquois, the Sokoki fled to the St. Lawrence River under the protection of the French. Some Sokoki migrated to the areas west of the Great Lakes. Later, the Sokoki settled in northern Illinois and merged with the Potawatomi and Miami. | Sokoki (Abenaki) Potawatomi Miami | - |
| 1670 | The Abenaki were ravaged by smallpox. | Abenaki | - |
| 20 June 1675 | Around 60,000 whites now lived in New England between Cap Cod and the Berkshires (Massachusetts), in the Connecticut Valley, in towns such as Boston, Plymouth, Taunton, New Port, Deerfield, New Haven and Springfield. The Indians were able to send about 5,000 warriors into the field against about 10,000 white infantrymen and horsemen. The Penacook, which consisted of 17 tribes, stayed out of the war with the exception of the Nashua and Wachuset. The first looting by the Indians took place at Kichemuit near Mount Hope. The only Abenaki who initially participated in the uprising were the Androscoggin, as well as some Sokoki and Penacook. Most of the Abenaki were neutral, but it appears that they supplied Philip with weapons, ammunition and food. | Pokanoket (Wampanoag) Narragansett Pocasset (Wampanoag) Narragansett Androscoggin (Abenaki) Nipmuk Penobscot (Abenaki) Pawtucket Penacook (Abenaki) Nashua Wachuset | Philip Canonchet Weetamoo |
| 30 August 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Captain Samuel Mosely burned down an abandoned Penacook village in the area of present-day Concord in New Hampshire against his orders. The Penacook were allies of the English. | Penacook (Abenaki) | - |
| 30 August 1675 | Pilgrims 1620-1676 - Captain Samuel Mosely, against his orders, burned down an abandoned Penacook village in the area of the present-day town of Concord in New Hampshire. The Penacook were allies of the English. | Penacook (Abenaki) | - |
| 12 September 1675 | In Maine, Abenaki raided a farm, killing 7 inhabitants and taking 2 prisoners. | Abenaki | - |
| 1675 | The Abenaki were afflicted by another plague. | Abenaki | - |
| Begin of 1676 | In the course of 1676, most of the Abenaki were drawn into King Philip's War, although the Abenaki, with the exception of the Androscoggin, had initially remained neutral. The reason for this was that the English no longer differentiated between neutral and hostile Indians and basically attacked all Indians in their vicinity. The Penacook remained neutral for a long time, with only 2 villages joining Philip. Chief Wannalancet managed to remain neutral with the majority of his tribe. | Abenaki Penobscot (Abenaki) Kennebec (Abenaki) Penacook (Abenaki) | Wannalancet |
| 14 August 1676 | The village of Arrowsic in Massachusetts was raided by Abenaki. | Abenaki | - |
| September 1676 | After King Philip's War, most of the defeated tribes fled north and joined the Abenaki. Thus, many members of the Algonquin tribes formerly living in southern New England (Penacook, Narragansett, Pocumtuc, Nipmuc) can still be found today, especially among the Western Abenaki. The Abenaki left Maine and settled in the area of Sillery (Quebec) under the protection of the French. Nevertheless, the Abenaki continued to move from Quebec towards New England (!). It was not until 1679 that Abenaki tribes made peace with the English and returned to Maine. Some tribes also accepted the offer of asylum from the Governor of New York, Edmund Andros, and settled with the Mahican at Schaghticook on the Hudson River. Others joined the Delaware in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. After King Philip's War, only 4,000 Indians remained in southern New England. | Abenaki Delaware Penacook (Abenaki) Narragansett Pocumtuc Nipmuk | - |
| 24 September 1676 | Three Abenaki settlers were killed near Wells in what is now the state of Maine. | Abenaki | - |
| 6 November 1676 | The Penobscot concluded a peace treaty with the English in Boston. However, when one of their chiefs was later killed by the English, they resumed the war against the English. | Penobscot (Abenaki) | - |
| 1676 | Peaceful Indians were also attacked during Philip's War. For example, the Penacook, 15 of whose 17 tribes had stayed out of the war. The Nashua (a subgroup of the Penacook) were attacked by Captain Samuel Mosley, killing 200 Nashua. The surviving Penacook either joined King Philip or fled to Canada with the other 15 Penacook tribes under Wannalancet. | Penacook (Abenaki) Nashua | Wannalancet |
| 1676 | Many tribes of the New England region sought refuge with the Abenaki in Maine and can still be found among the Abenaki today. | Abenaki | - |
| 1677 - 1679 | The Abenaki were ravaged by smallpox in 1677 and 1679. | Abenaki | - |
| 1679 | The Abenaki in the Sillery area (Quebec) and along the St. Lawrence River made partial peace treaties with the English and returned to Maine. The first were the Pigwacket, followed by the Sokoki and other Abenaki tribes. | Pigwacket (Abenaki) Sokoki (Abenaki) Abenaki | - |
| 1681 | La Salle explored the area south of Lake Michigan and was accompanied by a group of Sokoi who had fled from the Iroquois to the area west of the Great Lakes around 1670 and later settled in northern Illinois. | Sokoki (Abenaki) | - |
| 1684 | French and Abenaki raid Seneca villages. | Seneca (Iroquois) Abenaki | - |
| 1685 | Truce between England - Abenaki 1685Truce between the Abenaki and the English. However, this only lasted until 1689, when the King William War broke out. | Abenaki | - |
| 1685 | The French used the Abenaki as a buffer between themselves (Canada) and New England, supplied them with weapons and ammunition and ensured that the Abenaki were hostile towards the English. The main reason for the hostility of the Abenaki towards the English was the persistent land hunger of the English, which they could not or would not stop. At the turn of the century, there were about six Jesuits living among the Abenaki, but they were unable to carry out their missionary work because the Abenaki were too fixated on hunting and the fur trade. It was only when fur prices began to fall that the Jesuits were able to concentrate on their actual work. | Abenaki | - |
| 1687 | The Abenaki were ravaged by smallpox and measles. | Abenaki | - |
| 1689 | At the beginning of the 'King William War', the French expected the Abenaki to gather in the Montreal / Canada area and remain neutral. However, the Sokoki moved south and even burned down French villages. | Abenaki | - |
| 1689 | After Sir Edmont Andros, the governor of New York, appeared off the coast of Maine with his frigate, destroyed Fort Pentagout and burned down the house of Baron de Saint-Castin (who had been adopted as a white man by the Penobscot and was chief of the Penobscot), the Abenaki, supported by French firearms, resumed the war against the English. | Penobscot (Abenaki) Penobscot (Abenaki) | Baron de Saint-Castin Madockawando |
| 1690 - 1693 | The Abenaki repeatedly raided settlements in New England. In 1695, they even had to evacuate the border area with the Indians. In 1691, the Penobscots destroyed York in what is now Maine. | Abenaki Penobscot (Abenaki) | - |
| 1691 | The Abenaki were ravaged by smallpox. | Abenaki | - |
| 1693 | Treaty between Abenaki and England 1693The battle-weary Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscoggi and Saco concluded a peace treaty with the English. As the Sokoki were repeatedly attacked by the Mohawk (allies of the English), they remained belligerent. The Sokoki attacks lasted until before Boston (1697). | Penobscot (Abenaki) Kennebec (Abenaki) Androscoggin (Abenaki) Saco (Abenaki) Sokoki (Abenaki) Mohawk (Iroquois) | - |
| 1693 | French and Sokoki attack Mohawk villages. | Sokoki (Abenaki) Mohawk (Iroquois) | - |
| 1696 | French and Sokoki attack Onondaga villages. | Sokoki (Abenaki) Onondaga (Iroquois) | - |
| 1697 | Treaty of Ryswick 1697The Treaty of Ryswick ended the war between France and England, but the Abenaki continued to attack New England. The French King Louis XIV was unable to push through his plans to conquer England and had to recognize King William. | Abenaki | - |
| October 1698 | The leader of the Penobscot tribe, Madockawandos, died. The adopted French Baron de Saint-Castin became his successor, but had to leave the tribe due to inheritance problems in France. Instead, his son took over the leadership of the tribe in 1704. Saint-Castin never returned to the Penobscot and died in France in 1707. | Penobscot (Abenaki) Penobscot (Abenaki) Penobscot (Abenaki) | Baron de Saint-Castin Madockawando Bernard-Amselme |
| 1699 | Treaty between Abenaki and England 1699The Abenaki concluded a treaty with the English. The eastern Abenaki promised to remain neutral in future wars between England and France. The Abenaki then withdrew from Maine to the area of Becancours (Quebec) and to St. Francois du Lac. It took about 2 years for the English to realize that the Abenaki had withdrawn from Maine. Such was the fear of the English to enter Indian territory. | Abenaki | - |
| 1700 | Treaty between Abenaki and England 1699The Sokoki formed an alliance with the Christian Mohawk from Canada, the Caughnawaga, and therefore did not remain neutral, as the eastern Abenaki had been after the treaty with the English in 1699. | Sokoki (Abenaki) Mohawk (Iroquois) | - |
| February 1704 | Abenaki, together with French soldiers from Quebec, attacked Deerfield in Massachusetts. Half of the houses were burned down, 56 people died and 109 were taken prisoner. In response, Massachusetts militias attacked an Abenaki village, but the inhabitants were able to flee in time. At the time, the Abenaki lived on Lake Champlain, in northern Vermont and in St. Francois (Quebec). The Abenaki therefore had to travel long distances to attack Massachusetts. Deerfield was to be attacked again in 1709. The French ensured that many Englishmen who had been captured by the Abenaki were released and settled in Canada. | Abenaki | - |
| 1704 | After the Abenaki had left their original territory (Maine, Vermont), the English attacked the French and took control of the entire east coast of Maine in 1704. | Abenaki | - |
| 1704 | The English attacked Pigwacket (Abenaki) villages from Maine, but only found them abandoned, as the Abenaki had already retreated to Canada. | Pigwacket (Abenaki) | - |
| 1708 | Haverhill in Massachusetts, just 30 miles north of Boston, was attacked and destroyed by the Abenaki. Haverhill was attacked again in 1713. | Abenaki | - |
| 1709Nicht erkannter Quellenhinweis | French Jesuits founded the village of St. Fran?ois du Lac north of Montreal. The mission station was inhabited by Abenaki, among others, who repeatedly raided English settlements and soldiers from here. On October 4, 1759, Rogers Rangers attacked the settlement and destroyed it. | Abenaki | - |
| 1713 | The Abenaki sign a peace treaty with the British in Portsmouth, Massachusetts. | Abenaki | - |
| 1722 | Massachusetts declared war on the Abenaki, who repeatedly invaded Massachusetts from Canada. An important role in this war was played by Grey Lock, a Pocumtuc who joined the Sokoki in Canada and subsequently made repeated successful raids on settlers in the Connecticut Valley. | Sokoki (Abenaki) Pocumtuc | - |
| 1724 | A colonial army burned down the Kennebec village of Norridgewock on the Kennebeck River in Maine. Chief Rasles was killed in the process. Only 150 survivors managed to escape to Canada. | Kennebec (Abenaki) | Rasles |
| 9 May 1725 | The Pigwacket (Eastern Abenaki) were crushed. This ended the war between the Abenaki and the Wabenaki Confederacy against the English in Maine, and the Wabenaki Confederacy began to disintegrate. Chief Paugus fell in the battle. Of 34 militiamen under the command of Captain John Lovewell, only 20 survived the battle. After the battle, the Abenaki left their village of Pequawket and fled to Canada. | Pigwacket (Abenaki) | Paugus |
| December 1725 | Treaty of Boston 1725The Abenaki signed a peace treaty with the English. Fighting continued in the west, however, as not all Abenaki signed the treaty, especially Grey Lock. Grey Lock, a Pocumtuc who had joined the asil offered by New York Governor Andros in Schaghticook, left that place in 1723 and joined the Sokoki in Missisquoi. | Pocumtuc Sokoki (Abenaki) | Grey Lock |
| 1726 | Mascarene’s Treaty 1726The English concluded a treaty with the Wabenaki (Micmac, Malisset and Passamaquoddy). The treaty was intended to strengthen trade relations between the English and these tribes. This treaty was intended to bring the Wabenaki closer to the English and further away from the French. | Micmac Maliseet (Abenaki) Passamaquoddy | - |
| 1726 | Massachusetts sent peace offers to Grey Lock, but he ignored them. Peace efforts by the English from New York, the Iroquois and the Penobscots also failed. | Abenaki | Grey Lock |
| July 1727 | Treaty of Montreal 1727The Penobscot succeeded in persuading the Canadian Abenaki to sign a peace treaty with the English. This peace treaty was signed in Montreal in the absence of Grey Lock. | Abenaki | Grey Lock |
| End of 1727 | Treaty of Portland 1727Grey Lock also decided to end the war against the English, but never signed a treaty with them. The Penobscot and the Canadian Abenaki signed the treaty in Portland, Maine. This ended the Abenaki war against the English. | Abenaki | Grey Lock |
| 1727 | The Pigwacket, Androscoggin and Norridgewpck (all Abenaki tribes) returned to Maine. The Penobscot established themselves as spokesmen for the eastern Abenaki. The Passamaquoddy and Malisset continued to live in the St. Croix and St. John River area, while the Micmac in Nova Scotia waited patiently for the return of the French (which was never to happen again). In Québec near Becancour lived parts of the eastern Abenaki and in St. Francois du Lac Sokoki, Pennacook and Algonkin from New England. The Sokoki had a large village on Lake Champlain near Missisquoi and a smaller one in northern Vermont. The English began to spread further north into southern Vermont and New Hampshire in 1727. The English villages were usually heavily protected by palisades and guards. In peacetime, this was a clear sign that the English still counted on a sufficient number of Abenaki in the region. | Pigwacket (Abenaki) Androscoggin (Abenaki) Norridgewock (Abenaki) Penobscot (Abenaki) Passamaquoddy Maliseet (Abenaki) Micmac Sokoki (Abenaki) Penacook (Abenaki) Algonquin | - |
| 1729 | The Abenaki were ravaged by smallpox. | Abenaki | - |
| 1730 | A smallpox epidemic forced the Abenaki to leave Missisquoi. The Abenaki returned just one year later. | Abenaki | - |
| 1733 | The Abenaki were ravaged by smallpox. | Abenaki | - |
| 1735 | In a 'treaty' between the English and the Abenaki, which was probably not signed by the Abenaki chiefs but by some 'chiefs', the Abenaki ceded land along the Deerfield River and the Connecticut River. However, the Abenaki made it clear that they considered the upper Connecticut Valley to be their land. Nevertheless, the Abenaki continued to trade with the French and English. The Connecticut River is the border river between Vermont and New Hampshire, the Deerfield River flows from southern Vermont into the northern part of Massachusetts where it joins the Connecticut River. | Abenaki | - |
| 1744 - 1748 | For the Abenaki, the 17-year period of peace ended with the start of the 'King George War'. The Abenaki once again sided with the French. The King George War was the third war between the French and English in North America after the King William's War and Queen Anne's War. . | Abenaki Sokoki (Abenaki) | - |
| 1746 | Abenaki and French conquered Fort Massachusetts on the Hoosac River in northwestern Massachusetts. As a result, all settlements east of the Hudson River were abandoned. | Abenaki Sokoki (Abenaki) | - |
| April 1748 | Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war between the English and the French. The Penobscot, Kennebec, Malisset and Passamaquoddy did not sign a separate treaty until 1749. However, the treaties hardly satisfied any of the parties and led directly into the next war, the 'French and Indian War' of 1754. The French now made a special effort for the Seneca, Cayuga and Onondaga and gave them many gifts. Louisbourg in Nova Scotia was returned to the French. However, in June 1758, the English recaptured Louisbourg as part of the French and Indian War. | Abenaki Seneca (Iroquois) Cayuga (Iroquois) Onondaga (Iroquois) Penobscot (Abenaki) Kennebec (Abenaki) Maliseet (Abenaki) Passamaquoddy | - |
| About 750 AD | The French encouraged the tribes along the St. Lawrence River to unite to form the Confederacy of the Seven Nations (7 Nations of Canada). At the Albany Conference in 1854, the Caughnawaga (Mohawk) promised to remain neutral in future wars between the English and the French. However, this promise was not kept. During this time, the Confederacy of the 7 Nations of Canada was formed. The seven tribes included two Abenaki tribes as well as the Algonkin, the (Canadian) Wyandot, the Onondaga and two Mohawk bands. The largest of these tribes were the Caughnawaga, Canadian Mohawk. These 7 tribes lived along the St. Lawrence River on what is now the Canadian side. The tribes were allies of the French and would later fight against the English in the French and Indian War. The names of the villages where the 7 tribes lived along the St. Lawrence River were: - Jeune-Lorette (Huron) - Becancour (Abenaki) - Odanak (Abenaki) - Kahnawake (Mohawk) - Kanesetake (Mohawk) - Akwesasne (Mohawk) and - Oswegatchie (Onondaga). | 7 Nations of Canada Sokoki (Abenaki) Algonquin Huron (Wendat) Onondaga (Iroquois) Mohawk (Iroquois) | - |
| 1754 | Seven Years War 1754-1763 - - Albany Conference 1754After two Abenaki hunters were killed by Englishmen, the Abenaki began attacking New England again despite the peace treaty concluded between France and England in 1748. Since then, a tense calm prevailed between Europeans and Indians. | 7 Nations of Canada Sokoki (Abenaki) Algonquin Huron (Wendat) Onondaga (Iroquois) Mohawk (Iroquois) | - |
| 1754 | Seven Years War 1754-1763 - - - The Abenaki attacked settlers in New York, the Penobscots attacked settlers in Maine. In response, the governor of Massachusetts offered bounties: £50 for a captured Penobscot warrior, £40 for a male scalp, £25 for captured children and women, £20 for a female scalp. | Abenaki Penobscot (Abenaki) | - |
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| Introduction to the scalps, painted by Peter Rindisbacher, 1825. source: http://www.kunst-fuer-alle.de/deutsch/kunst/kuenstler/kunstdruck/peter-rindisbacher/15338/1/156304/introducing-the-scalp/index.htm . | |||
| 9 July 1755 | Seven Years War 1754-1763 - Battle of Braddock's Field 1755 - Braddock's Expedition 1755 - The French under Captain Daniel de Beaujeu led 108 marines, 146 Canadian militia and 600 Indians (Wyandot (Huron), Ojibwe, Abenaki, Shawnee, Delaware, Potowatomi, Nipissing and Ottawa). Pontiac fought among them as chief of the Ottawa. Then the French, Canadians and Indians began firing at the English from the forest. The requested artillery did not know which targets to fire at, the Indians were invisible to the English. Braddock's troops, who approached with a battle line about 2000 meters wide, were also fired on by the Indians, but could not find any targets either. The Indians attacked quickly, fired and retreated again. When the French attacked from the front, the English found themselves surrounded on three sides. Braddock saw the disaster coming and tried to keep his battle-hardened soldiers together. The Indians mainly shot at the officers. During the retreat, General Braddock was hit by a bullet and died shortly afterwards. The surviving officers and soldiers ran headlong towards the Monongahela River and would probably have been completely wiped out if the Indians had not begun to plunder the troops of the defeated English. The extent of the defeat was total: 63 of 86 officers were killed or seriously wounded. Around 500 soldiers and officers were killed and around 480 wounded. The French and Canadians suffered only 23 dead and 20 wounded. The French knew that this success was mainly due to the Indians. There was a Shawnee chief among the Indians called Puksinwah. His son would later take Pontiac as his role model. His name: Tecumseh. The Canadian Indians of the '7 Nations of Canada', which included the Canadian Mohawk and the Hurons, played the biggest part in the defeat of the English. The defeat had a signal effect on the Indians, the majority of whom now joined the French. Only King Hendrick of the Mohawk joined the English with 300 warriors. Among these warriors was the 17-year-old Joseph Brant. | Wyandot Ojibwe Abenaki Shawnee Delaware Potawatomi Nipissing (Ojibwe) Mohawk (Iroquois) 7 Nations of Canada Ottawa | Lorette Puksinwah Joseph Brant Pontiac |
| August 1755 | The English planned an attack on Fort St. Francis on Lake Champlain. William Johnson's army of 1600 militia and 200 Mohawk and Abenaki Indians under King Hendrick were to march across Lake George to Lake Champlain and attack Fort Frédéric. The French knew of the English intentions and wanted to nip them in the bud. Baron Dieskau led his army, consisting of 200 regular soldiers, 600 Canadian militia and 700 Indians, south from Fort Carillon to attack the English. | Mohawk (Iroquois) Abenaki | King Hendrick |
| 8 September 1755 | Battle of Lake George 1755 - Colonel Ephraim Williams Jr. was sent from Fort William Henry to Fort Lyman (Fort Edward) on the morning of September 8th with 1000 New England soldiers and 200 Mohawk and Abenaki Indians under King Hendrick. The English had noticed that Jean Erdman (Baron Dieskau, who had just arrived in North America from France) was marching to Fort Lyman (later Fort Edward) with about 600 Canadian soldiers, 300 regular soldiers and 600 Indians to capture it. Fort Lyman was an important supply point and had to be secured. However, Baron Dieskau learned from a captured courier that Williams was marching to Fort Lyman and immediately prepared an ambush. In the ensuing battle, the British lost 296 soldiers and 96 were wounded. Among the dead were Williams and King Henry. The surviving English fled to Fort William Henry. After his success, Baron Dieskau also advanced to Fort William Henry. | Mohawk (Iroquois) Abenaki | King Hendrick |
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| Bloody Morning Scout. Source: http://www.jamesfieldillustrations.co.uk/bloodymorningscout.html | |||
| 8 September 1755 | General William Johnson heard the noise of battle and immediately began to fortify his positions. He placed the cannons under the command of Captain William Eyre. During Baron Dieskau's first attack, the 700 Indians and 600 Canadians retreated before the English cannons. Dieskau attacked Johnson's positions at the south end of Lake George alone with his 300 regular soldiers, but was repulsed by the cannons. During the fighting, Johnson was wounded and General Phineas Lyman took command. The fighting lasted until the afternoon, when the French and Indians withdrew to the spot where Williams had been ambushed in the morning. Baron Dieskau was left wounded several times on the battlefield. | Mohawk (Iroquois) Abenaki | Joseph Brant |
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| Monument in Lake George Battlefield State Park. Source: Thomet Daniel 2018 | |||
| November 1755 | Phips Spencer issued a proclamation declaring war on the Penobscot. For every scalp of a man over the age of 12, there was a reward of 50 pounds. For every woman over the age of 12, there was a reward of 25 pounds. Within a year, the price of a scalp rose to an incredible 300 pounds. | Penobscot (Abenaki) | - |
| 1755 | The Abenaki were ravaged by smallpox. | Abenaki | - |
| Spring 1758 | War parties from the St. Lawrence Missions attacked the Kennebec Valley and the area around St. George. 24 settlers were killed, 36 taken prisoner. | Penobscot (Abenaki) | - |
| 1758 | The Abenaki were ravaged by smallpox. | Abenaki | - |
| 4 October 1759 | Seven Years War 1754-1763 - - - The Abenaki were a thorn in the side of the English, as they had repeatedly attacked English villages and towns that had been built on Abenaki land. Major Roger Roberts and his 142-man ranger company attacked the Abenaki village of St. Francois du Lac with 51 houses (built in English and French style) and several hundred inhabitants, killing many Abenaki and burning down almost all the houses. In turn, Charleston was attacked by French and Indians. After the attack on St. Francois, the Abenaki of the area no longer took part in the war. On the way back, Rogers was ambushed by the French and some Indians from Becancour and lost more than half of his men. | Abenaki | - |
| 1759 | The Governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Pownall, oversaw the construction of Fort Pownall. The fort was built to protect the settlers during the war and to drive the Penobscot and Norridgewock out of the area. | Penobscot (Abenaki) Norridgewock (Abenaki) | - |
| 16 September 1760 | Treaty of Kahnawake 1760The 'Seven Nations of Canada' recognized that the French would lose the war against the English and concluded a treaty with them in Kahnawake. In it, the Indians negotiated free access from Canada to New York. This gave the Indians access to the important trading center of Albany. | 7 Nations of Canada Sokoki (Abenaki) Mohawk (Iroquois) Onondaga (Iroquois) Algonquin Huron (Wendat) | - |
| 27 April 1763 | Pontiac hosted the second big council, about 10 km from Fort Detroit. This time the warriors also took part. The Ojibwe made up the largest contingent with around 3,000 people. In total, around 8,000 Indians took part in the second great council. At this council, he was able to win over around 18 tribes to his cause. | Ojibwe Ottawa Shawnee Delaware Miami Mississauga (Ojibwe) Potawatomi Wyandot Kickapoo Piankeshaw (Miami) Seneca (Iroquois) Peoria (Illinois Confederation) Munsee (Lenape) Sac and Fox Menominee Mascouten Dakota Osage Winnebago Cahoika Kaskaskia (Illinois Confederation) Nipissing (Ojibwe) Abenaki Mohawk (Iroquois) Calusa Tequesta Timucuan Apalachee (Lower Creek) | - |
| May 1763 | Almost all Algonquin tribes and the Iroquois (with the exception of the Mohawk) supported the uprising, a total of 25 nations. Most of the forts were captured, with the exception of Fort Pitt and Fort Detroit. After the departure of the French, the English considered themselves the masters of North America. Unlike the French, the Indians received no gifts from the English. In addition, more and more English settlers poured over the Appalachian Mountains into the territory of the Indians, which still belonged to them. General Amherst decreed that powder, guns and lead could only be sold to the Indians in exchange for furs. In the meantime, guns had largely replaced bows and arrows and had become indispensable to the Indians. In addition to the tribes that were in favor of Pontiac, there were also those that were against Pontiac either from the beginning or later, such as parts of the Chippewa, even the Ottawa (under Chief Atawang), parts of the Seneca, and the tribes of the Illinois Confederacy. | Mingo Ottawa Huron (Wendat) Delaware Shawnee Ojibwe Miami Abenaki Micmac Delaware Potawatomi Cherokee Creek Shawnee Peoria (Illinois Confederation) Wyandot Oneida (Iroquois) Onondaga (Iroquois) Cayuga (Iroquois) Seneca (Iroquois) Tuscarora (Iroquois) | Pontiac Cornstalk |
| 1770 | In 1760, Rogers Ranger drove the French out of the area around St. John (New Brunswick). 10 years later, the Abenaki around St. John and the Eastern Abenaki signed peace treaties with the English in 1770 and 1776. | Abenaki | - |
| 1775 | Treaty between Massachusetts and the Penobscot 175In an initial treaty between Massachusetts and the Penobscot, the Penobscot were granted a reservation 6 miles wide on both sides of the Penobscot River. The strip of land stretched roughly from Hampton to Meday. Massachusetts wanted to secure the neutrality of the Penobscot in the American War of Independence. The treaty between Massachusetts and the Penobscot was concluded in Watertown. The treaty was interpreted differently by both sides at the end of the war. | Penobscot (Abenaki) | - |
| 1776 | The Abenaki around St. John (New Brunswick) and the eastern Abenaki (including the Micmac) again concluded a peace treaty with the English. | Abenaki Micmac | - |
| 1777 | The Abenaki were now strangers in their own land and lived in small groups scattered throughout their former homeland. In the American War of Independence, the Abenaki fought on both sides. | Abenaki | - |
| 1780 | The American colonel John Allen formed an Abenaki regiment and attacked the British along the coast of Maine. | Abenaki | - |
| 1783 | At the end of the American War of Independence, around 1,000 Abenaki were still alive from the original 40,000 Abenaki around the year 1500. From 1500 to the end of the American War of Independence, the Abenaki were ravaged by around 30 epidemics. The losses in the colonial wars on the side of the French and in King Philip's War probably only cost a fraction of the number of lives compared to the epidemics. | Abenaki | - |
| 1784 | Treaty negotiations between Massachusetts and the Penobscot failed. | Penobscot (Abenaki) | - |
| 1790 | Congress passed the Indian Nonintercourse Act. | Abenaki | - |
| 1790 | Vermont became a federal state of the USA. To this day, neither Vermont nor the US government have recognized the unjustified seizure of land or paid compensation. The Abenaki are still not recognized as a tribe either. The Sokoki have demanded compensation for land confiscations in 1798, 1800, 1812, 1826, 1853 and 1874, but the State of Vermont has rejected all applications. | Abenaki | - |
| 1797 | Treaty with the 7 Nations of Canada 1797The United States concluded a treaty with the 7 Nations of Canada in which they ceded land to the USA. Other tribes would later challenge the treaty, arguing that the 7 Nations of Canada were not authorized to cede the land in question. The names of the villages where the 7 tribes lived along the St. Lawrence River were Jeune-Lorette, Becancour, Odanak, Kahnawake, Kanesetake, Akwesasne and Oswegatchie. | Mohawk (Iroquois) 7 Nations of Canada Wyandot Onondaga (Iroquois) Sokoki (Abenaki) Algonquin | - |
| 1798 | In northern Maine, Massachusetts created three small reservations for the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy in recognition of their service in the American Revolutionary War. | Penobscot (Abenaki) Passamaquoddy | - |
| 1812 | The Abenaki went to war for the last time and provided two companies that fought on the side of the English. The Abenaki came from Becancour. | Abenaki | - |
| 1818 | Treaty between Massachusetts and the Penobscot 181In a treaty, the Penobscot ceded their large hunting grounds within the Main. In return, the Penobscot received four reservations in the Mattawamkeag and Millinocket area as well as the islands in the Penobscot River, which were established in the failed negotiations of 1796. | Penobscot (Abenaki) | - |
| 1833 | Treaty between Massachusetts and the Penobscot 183Under pressure from the State of Maine, the Penobscot ceded the four reservations they had received in the Treaty of 1818. The Penobscot were left with only the islands in the Penobscot River. | Penobscot (Abenaki) | - |
| 1924 | Penobscot and Passamaquoddy receive voting rights in Maine. | Penobscot (Abenaki) Passamaquoddy | - |
| 1976 | The Abenaki held a tribal convention in Swanton, Vermont. The state of Vermont agreed to recognize the tribe, but later withdrew its recognition. | Abenaki | - |
| 1978 | The US government paid the Abenaki 81.5 million dollars for land that the government had taken from the Abenaki without compensation. | Abenaki | - |
| 1980 | The Abenaki sued in court for recognition as a tribe. The case has not yet been decided. | Abenaki | - |
| 1997 | The Abenaki had recovered to about 12,000 people and lived in Canada or the U.S. In the U.S. lived: - 2,000 Penobscot on the reservation near Old Town, Maine - 2,500 Passamaquoddy on the Pleasant Point, Peter Dana Point and Indian Township reservations in Maine - 2,500 Abenaki on 3 reservations in Maine - 600 Maliseet near Houlton, Maine - 2,500 Abenaki in Vermont and New Hampshire, on Lake Champlain In Canada lived: - 3,000 Maliseet in 7 tribal groups - 2,000 Abenaki in the Quebec area - 2,500 Abenaki in the Lake Champlain area . | Abenaki | - |
| 2010 | The census revealed a number of 2367 Penobscot. 450 Penobscot lived on the 'Indian Island' reservation near Bangor (Maine). A further 1399 Penobscot lived in the state of Maine. | Penobscot (Abenaki) | - |