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| Book cover | Autor | Title | Description |
| Bild | Autor | Leer | Beschreibung |
| Date | Event | Tribe | Chief |
9000 BC  | Here already 11'000 years ago Indians quarried flints. The flint was broken and had very sharp edges. The flint was used for the production of tools and weapons. The flint quarried here is known under the name'Knife River Flint' and was traded by the Indians. The Hidatsa and Mandan lived in the 19th century in this area and quarried flint stone.   | Mandan Hidatsa | - |
| 1450 AD | Die Mandan zählten etwa 12'000 Menschen | Mandan | - |
| 1450 AD | Along the Missouri-River in North Dakota a big settlement of the Mandan Indians which is called today'Huff Indian Village' originated in 1450. In about 100 earth lodges 1'000 people maybe lived. The settlement was surrounded by a palisade of wood and a ditch with a total length of about to 600 meters. | Mandan | - |
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| Huff Indian Village Historical Site. Source: Thomet Daniel 2010 | |||
| About 1500 | The Mandan lived in seven to ten villages at the mouth of the Heart River along the Missouri in North Dakota. The number of Mandan at this time is estimated at around 10,000 people or more. Mandan Indians lived in the settlement 'Double Ditch' until 1795. | Mandan | - |
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| Informationstafel beim Double Ditch State Park in Nord Dakota. Source: Thomet Daniel 2010 | |||
| 1575 | From 3 surrounding villages built the Mandan to the south of the today's village Mandan a fortified village with the name'On-a-Slant, about 1 mile to the south of the confluence of the Heart River in the Missouri River. The village was left only after the big smallpox epidemic in 1781 by his inhabitants. The village consisted of to about 85 earth lodges. | Mandan | - |
| 1734 | In his annual report to the Governor General of Canada, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes (Sieur de La Verendrye) mentioned a meeting with Cree and Assiniboin Indians. Gaultier heard for the first time of the Mandan Indians. The Assiniboin and Cree traded in the spring corn with the Mandan. The Assiniboin and Cree said the Mandan's hair was either brown or white, some of the Mandan had big beards and had white skin | Cree Assiniboine Mandan | - |
| 3 December 1738 | Pierre Varennes Expeditionen 1731-1743Pierre Gaultier de Varennes (Sieur de La Verendrye) left on 30 November with a large group of Assiniboin Fort St. Charles and arrived 4 days later at the Mandan village On-A-Slant at the mouth of the Heart River. The village consisted of 130 earthworks. Gaultier noticed that in the village he saw people with dark and light skin (!). He saw Mandan with blond and brown eyes (!) And the hair had all possible colors except red (blond, brown, black) The Mandan cultivated corn, sunflowers and squash. Verendrye's brother, Francis, explored the area and noticed six other Mandan villages, some larger than the village where Pierre Verendrye was residing. In the middle of December Gaultier left the village. Verendrye left two men in the village of the Mandan to learn, among other things, the language of the Mandan. | Mandan Assiniboine | - |
| 1738 | The Mandan lived in several villages with at least 1000 earth houses near the Heart River | Mandan | - |
| 10 February 1739 | Pierre Varennes Expeditionen 1731-1743Pierre Gaultier de Varennes (Sieur de La Verendrye) arrived again at Fort La Reine | Mandan Hidatsa Arikara | - |
| Summer 1739 | The tribes of the Upper Missouri probably came into contact with horses for the first time (Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara). Pierre Gaultier de La Verendrye left on his trading trip from Fort Reine south to the Mandan Indians in 1738 two men in the village of Mandan back. Back in Fort Reine, they reported that the Mandans were visited in the summer of 1739 by West Indians, who traveled with many horses to exchange embroidered bison skins for corn and beans. It is likely that in this way the Mandan came in contact with horses for the first time. | Mandan Hidatsa Arikara | - |
| Autumn 1739 | Pierre Varennes Expeditionen 1731-1743The two men, who had spent the winter of 1738/1739 in the village of the Mandan, arrived at Fort La Reine. The men reported that the Mandan received in the summer of 1739 visit from a tribe, which arrived with horses. Horses were new to the Mandan. The tribe seemed to live far to the west, by a lake whose waters were apparently influenced by the tides. Whites also seemed to live there. Verendrye saw the opportunity to find a way to the Pacific and planned another trip to the Mandan Indians. | Mandan Hidatsa Arikara | - |
| Spring 1742 | Pierre Varennes Expeditionen 1731-1743Pierre Gaultier de Varennes (Sieur de La Verendrye) arrived again at Fort La Reine Verendrye hoped to meet in the village of the Mandan the tribe who arrived in the summer of 1739 with horses. These Indians were to show him the way to this lake, which apparently was subject to the tides. From there he wanted to find a way to the Pacific Ocean. | Mandan Hidatsa Arikara | - |
| May 1742 | Pierre Varennes Expeditionen 1731-1743Pierre and Francois Gaultier de Varennes (Sieur de La Verendrye) arrived at the village of Mandan. During May, June, July and almost all of August, the French waited in vain for the arrival of the tribe, which arrived in 1739 with horses at the Mandan. | Mandan Hidatsa | - |
| 1750 | Die Mandan lebten am oberen Missouri in North Dakota in 9 grossen Dörfern. Um 1800 herum sollte es nur noch 2 grosse Dörfer geben wegen den Cholera- und Pocken Epidemien. Die Mandan bauten Rundboote aus Büffelleder, welche für die Überquerung von Flussen verwendet wurden. Für längere Reisen waren diese Boote aber ungeeignet. | Mandan | - |
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| Bull boat made of bison skins, image taken at Fort Union, North Dakota. Source: Thomet Daniel 2010 | |||
| 1780-1781 | Eine Windpocken-Epidemie raffte etwa 4/5 der Indianer am Missouri hin. Dies betraf vor allem die ehemals grossen Stämme der Mandan, Hidatsa und Arikara (Ree) Die Hidatsa zählten um das Jahr 1700 etwa 20'000 Menschen, nach der Epidemie noch etwa 2'500 Menschen | Arikara Mandan Assiniboine Hidatsa | - |
| About 785 AD | Sioux destroyed the Mandan village Nuptadi 1785Sioux attacked the village of Rooptahee (ie, Ruhptare or Nuptadi) the Mandan and burned down the village | Mandan Sioux | - |
| 1787 | Die Mandan bauten das Dorf Mitutanka mit 40 Erdhäusern südöstlich von Stanton in North Dakota. Das Dorf ist auch unter dem Namen'Big White Village' bekannt. 1821 wurde das Dorf wieder verlassen | Mandan | - |
| 1787 | The Mandan built the village Rooptahee (also Ruhptare) with 50 earth lodges to the east of Stanton in North Dakota. The Hidatsa called the village Awaicpuax (village on the top of the hill) | Mandan | - |
| 1787 | Die Cheyenne handelten Pferde mit den am Missoury lebenden Mandan, Hidatsa und Arikara. Wie auch die in der Gegend lebenden Lakota erhandelten sich die Cheyenne im Tausch gegen Pferde gefragte europäische Handelswaren. Dieser Handel funktionierte bis sich die 3 erwähnten Stämme am Missouri nach 1800 mit eingeschleppten Krankheiten ansteckten und stark dezimiert wurden. Danach handelten die Cheyenne vor allem direkt mit weissen Händlern im Norden und machten Raubzüge in die südlichen Prairien, um zu Pferden zu kommen. | Cheyenne Mandan Hidatsa Arikara Lakota | - |
| About 800 AD | Ojibwa,Assiniboin,Cree,Mandan against HidatsaAm Handelsposten am Mouse River im Norden von North Dakota versammeln sich viele Krieger der Ojibwa, Assiniboine, Cree und Mandan, um gegen die'A-gutch-e-ninne-wug' (Hidatsa). Der Name'A-gutch-e-ninne-wug' kommt von den Ojibwa-Indianern und bedeutet'sesshafte Leute'. Dieser Feldzug war aber nicht erfolgreich. | Ojibwa Assiniboine Cree Mandan Hidatsa | - |
| 1801 - 1802 | In two pest epidemics in 1781/1782 and 1801/1802, about half of the northern prairie Indians died! For the Ottawa and Ojibwa there are reports that they were affected during the harvest of wild (water) rice from the disease. It started with coughing and hoarseness and was often accompanied by nasal and oral bleeding. Within a short time many people died. Many suicides occurred during this time. Suicides such as shooting, hanging, drowning and poisoning were not uncommon among the Indians! The Omaha Indians were so weakened by the epidemic that they happened to meet your allies during the hunt, the Ponka, and attacked them! The Ponka had already finished the hunt, the meat was already loaded on the horses. The Ponka immediately took flight so as not to be infected with the pups. The 18 large villages of the Arikara were reduced to three small villages after the smallpox epidemic. | Ojibwa Cree Ottawa Arikara Mandan Hidatsa Omaha Ponca Kickapoo | - |
| 19 October 1804Nicht erkannter Quellenhinweis | Lewis and Clark 1804-1806Lewis & Clark discovered the first of 6 abandoned villages of the Mandan just south of the mouth of the Heart River in the Missouri River | Mandan | - |
| 21 October 1804Nicht erkannter Quellenhinweis | Lewis and Clark 1804-1806Lewis & Clark discovered the second of 6 abandoned villages of the Mandan in the northern edge of the village Mandan along the Missouri River | Mandan | - |
| 22 October 1804Nicht erkannter Quellenhinweis | Lewis and Clark 1804-1806Lewis & Clark discovered the most northern of the 6 abandoned villages of the Mandan at todays Double Ditch State Historic Site, 7.5 miles to the north of Bismarck | Mandan | - |
| 24 October 1804Nicht erkannter Quellenhinweis | Lewis and Clark 1804-1806Lewis & Clark camped 2 miles to the south of Washburn on the east shore of the Missouri River | Mandan | - |
| 2 November 1804 | Lewis and Clark 1804-1806Lewis & Clark began with the construction of Fort Mandan. On the opposite side of the Missouri River there was the Mandan village Mitutanka with 40 earth lodges. Like Gaultier in 1738, Lewis and Clark also mentioned that there were people with light skin color among the Mandan, although Lewis and Clark did not make such detailed remarks as Gaultier. | Mandan | - |
| 2 November 1804 | Lewis and Clark 1804-1806Lewis & Clark began with the construction of Fort Mandan. On the opposite side of the Missouri River there was the Mandan village Mitutanka with 40 earth lodges. Of the nine Mandan villages, only two survived, the wars against the Lakota and several epidemics calling for their victims. Like Gaultier in 1738, Lewis and Clark also mentioned that there were people with light skin color among the Mandan, although Lewis and Clark did not make such detailed remarks as Gaultier. | Mandan | - |
| 2 November 1804 | Lewis and Clark 1804-1806Lewis & Clark began with the construction of Fort Mandan. On the opposite side of the Missouri River there was the Mandan village Mitutanka with 40 earth lodges | Mandan | - |
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| Fort Mandan. Source: Wikipedia | |||
| 24 December 1804 | Lewis and Clark 1804-1806The construction of Fort Mandan was completed. Lewis and Clark overwintered in 1804/1805 in Fort Mandan. The Fort was built in November, 1804 with cottonwood trees. After 5 months the expedition left the Fort again. | Mandan | - |
| 14 August 1806 - 16 August 1806 | Lewis and Clark 1804-1806Während 3 verhandelten Lewis und Clark mit den Mandan, Hidatsa und Arikara. Clark offerierte nochmals eine Einladung zu Gesprächen mit dem Präsidenten in Washington. Keiner der Häuptlinge war aber bereit, zusammen mit Lewis und Clark eine Reise nach Washington zu machen. Die Häuptlinge fürchteten sich vor den Brule-Lakota, die weiter südlich entlang des Missouri Rivers lebten Die Verhandlungen fanden im Camp von Lewis und Clark oberhalb des Mandan-Dorfes Mitutanka statt Sheheke zog als einziger Häuptling zusammen mit Lewis und Clark in Richtung St. Louis | Hidatsa Mandan Mandan Mandan Hidatsa Mandan | Le Borgne Black Cat Sheheke Caltarcota Black Moccasin Little Raven |
| Summer 1806 | Hidatsa against ArikaraWährend des Aufenthaltes von Lewis und Clark in den Dörfern der Hidatsa und Mandan sandten die Hidatsa mehrere Kriegstrupps gegen die Lemhi-Shoshone und Grand-River Arikara aus | Mandan Hidatsa Lemhi (Shoshone) Arikara | - |
| 23 September 1806 | Lewis and Clark 1804-1806William Clark begleitete Häuptling Sheheke in Fort Belle Fontaine in den'General Store'. Hier konnte sich der Häuptling der Mandan in der Welt des weissen Mannes mit den neusten Caliko-Shirts sowie farbigen Taschentüchern und Gegenständen aus farbigen Glasperlen ausrüsten | Mandan | Sheheke |
| 1806 | Ojibwa,Assiniboin,Cree,Mandan against DakotaDie Dakota griffen ein befestigtes Dorf der Mandan an. Unterstützt wurden die Mandan von Cree, Ojibwa und Assiniboine. Kaum sahen die Dakota die Ojibwa, flohen diese in alle Richtungen | Dakota Mandan Cree Assiniboine Ojibwa | - |
1806  | The Mandan moved her village Rooptahee (also Ruhptare) with 50 earth lodges on the south side of the Knife River. Here stood later the village Deapolis. This village also became known as a'Deapolis of site' or Mitutanka. In 1837 the village was left again. | Mandan | - |
| 1806 | The Mandan moved her village Rooptahee (also Ruhptare) with 50 earth lodges on the south side of the Knife River. Here stood later the village Deapolis. This village also became known as a'Deapolis of site' or Mitutanka. In 1837 the village was left again. | Mandan | - |
| 1821 | The Mandan left their village 'Mitutanka' on the Missouri River and built 2 miles southeast the village' Mih-Tutta-Hangkush' (also 'Mihtuttahangkush') | Mandan | - |
| 12 October 1823 | Bear attack on Hugh Glass 1823 - Ashley's Hundred 1823In 1823 the Mandan lived in two villages, Mih-tutta-hang-kush and Ruptare. These villages were also called 'Upper villages'. The three villages of the Hidatsa were also nearby. | Mandan | - |
| End of November 1823 | Bear attack on Hugh Glass 1823 - Ashley's Hundred 1823The Mandan accompanied Glass to Fort Tilton. At the same night he left Fort Tilton and marched to Fort Henry at the mouth of the Yellowstone River. | Mandan | - |
| 30 July 1825 | Yellowstone Expedition 1825 - Treaty with the Mandan 1825General Henry Atkinson unterzeichnete im Dorf der Mandan einen Friedensvertrag. Ich nehme an, dass es sich dabei um das Dorf'Mih-Tutta-Hangkusch' am Missouri River handelte. Im Jahre 1825 lebten die Mandan noch in 2 Dörfern: Mih-Tutta-Hangkusch und Ruhptare (Deapolis site). | Mandan | - |
| 1831 | Die American Fur Company baute Fort Clark am Missouri-River im Süden des heutigen County Mercer. In der unmittelbaren Umgebung befand sich das Dorf'Mih-Tutta-Hang-kusch' der Mandan. Fort Clark wurde von James Kipp gebaut und hatte die Masse 120 Fuss auf 160 Fuss | Mandan | - |
| Summer 1832 | The famous painter George Catlin undertook a trip on the Missouri River to Fort Union with the steamship 'Yellowstone'. On the way he painted landscapes and portrayed Indian tribes. So the Pawnee, Omaha, Ponca, Mandan, Cheyenne, Crow, Assiniboine and the Blackfeet. Among others , Catlin painted the Mandan Chief Ha-natah-nu-mauh and Four Bears (Mah-to-toh-pa), probably at the village 'Mihtuttahangkush'. Like Pierre Gaultier in 1736 and Lewis & Clark in 1804, George Catlin also noted that a large number of Mandan Indians had almost white skin. Catlin also noticed that the eyes of many Mandan Indians were brown, gray, or blue. | Mandan Mandan | Ha-natah-nu-mauh Four Bears |
| 18 June 1833 | Maximilian zu Wied Expedition 1832-1834The German Prince Maximilian zu Wied and the Swiss painter Karl Bodmer arrived on board of the steamboat 'Assiniboine' at Fort Clark along the Missouri River in North Dakota. In the immediate vicinity of Fort Clark were villages of the Mandan and Hidatsa. The Crows with 70 tents under chief Rotten Belly camped as guests nearby. Maximilian zu Wied and Bodmer visited the villages of Mandan, Hidatsa and Crows. | Mandan Hidatsa River Crow (Crow) | Rotten Belly |
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| Fort Clark, North Dakota. Source: http://franceshunter.wordpress.com/2009/11/10/lewis-clark-road-trip-fort-clark-North Dakota/ | |||
| 8 November 1833 | Maximilian zu Wied Expedition 1832-1834Together with Toussaint Charbonnau, Bodmer and Prince Maximilian zu Wied arrived at Fort Clark in North Dakota. The construction of a house, newly built especially for the expedition, was not yet finished. So Bodmer and Maximilian zu Wied stayed until the completion of their own house in the house of James Kipp. | Mandan | Mato-Tope |
| 8 November 1833 | Maximilian zu Wied Expedition 1832-1834Bodmer made many visits to the nearby village of the Mandan Indians, 'Mih-Tutta-Hangkush'. Here he always met with the chief Mato-Tope (The 4 Bears) and Dipauch (The Broken Arm). Most of the inhabitants had already left the village and were encamped in a nearby winter village. The village consisted of 60 earth lodges | Mandan Mandan | Mato-Tope Dipauch |
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| Map of the Mandan village' Mih-Tutta-Hangkusch'. Source: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/37897/37897-h/37897-h.htm | |||
| 13 November 1833 | Maximilian zu Wied Expedition 1832-1834In the Mandan village 'Mih-Tutta-Hangkusch' on the upper Missouri, the Indians observed many shooting stars during the night. According to the faith of the Mandan, the shooting stars promised the death of many people. Karl Bodmer documented this moment in his diary. In 1837, the mandan were almost entirely destroyed by smallpox. Only about 150 Mandan should survive the epidemic. The surviving Mandan joined the Hidatsa. | Mandan Mandan | Mato-Tope Dipauch |
| End of February 1834 | Maximilian zu Wied Expedition 1832-1834At the end of February, when the sun seemed to be stronger again, the Mandan returned to their summer villages. The stay in the winter camps lasted about 3.5 months The temperatures in Fort Clark reached minus 60 degrees celsius (-76 Fahrenheit) during the winter of 1833/1834! Over the winter there was often thin coffee with corn bread or corn bread with bean soup to eat. | Mandan Hidatsa | - |
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| Hidatsa village 1833. Source: http://www.awesomestories.com | |||
| 18 April 1834 | Maximilian zu Wied Expedition 1832-1834Karl Bodmer and Prince Maximilian zu Wied left Fort Clark by boat and made their way back to St. Louis | Mandan Hidatsa | Mato-Tope |
| 19 June 1837 | The steamboat'St. Peters' of the American Fur Company on the Missouri-River brings the smallpox to the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara. The steamboat was unloaded, loaded again and left Fort Clark within 24 hours. The Mandan lived in 2 villages in the area of Fort Clark with about 1'600 people. One of both villages was called Mih-Tutta-Hangkusch. Only about hundred Mandan survived this epidemic. In 1845 joined the surviving Mandan the Hidatsa and founded the village'Like a Fishook'. The Mandan Chief Four Bears (Mato-Tope) died on the 30th of July, 1837. After statements of George Catlin Four Bears died not of the smallpox, but starved itself to death. His whole family had died of the smallpox. About half of the Arikara and one third of the Pawnee died | Mandan Hidatsa Pawnee Arikara | Four Bears |
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| Four Bears (Mato-Tope), Chief of the Mandan. Painted by Karl Bodmer in 1833. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandan | |||
| June 1837 | Francis A. Chardon noted in his diary that during the smallpox epidemic in summer, 1837 the continuance of the Mandan was reduced by from 1800 to 23 men, 40 women and from 60 to 70 children! Under the victims was also chief Four Bears | Mandan | Four Bears |
| 1837 | The Mandan left their village Rooptahee (also Ruhptare) on the south side of the Knife River. | Mandan | - |
| 1837 | Die Mandan wurden von einer Blatternepidemie heimgesucht. Dabei wurden die letzten etwa 1600 Mandan fast völlig ausgerottet. Die letzten 150 Überlebenden schlossen sich den Hidatsa an. | Mandan Hidatsa | - |
| 1837 | In the years 1837 and 1838 a smallpox epidemic ruled in the Plains of the middle west of the USA. The epidemic went from the steamboat'S.S. St. Louis' from which drove the Missouri-River to Fort Mackenzie in the North of Montana from St. Louis. Thus the Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara, Assiniboine, Crow, Pawnee and Blackfoot were stuck on. About 2/3 of the Blackfoot died of the smallpox. Half of the Arikara and Assiniboine died. About 1/3 died of the Crow, from the Pawnee about 1/4. With the Mandan died more than 90%. | Mandan Hidatsa Arikara Assiniboine Crow Blackfoot Pawnee | - |
| 1840 | Nach der Pocken-Epidemie von 1838 - 1838 lebten von den ursprünglich etwa 12'000 Mandan im Jahr 1450 noch etwa 300 | Mandan | - |
| 1845 | After the smallpox epidemics of 1836 and 1837 the population was strongly decimated particularly the Mandan as well as the Hidatsa. Now the Mandan and Hidatsa were too weak to defend itself against the attacks of the Dakota and Yantonai. Therefore, both tribes united and founded the common village Like-a-Fishhook | Mandan Hidatsa Yanktonai (Western Dakota) Dakota | - |
| 1845 | Die Handelsstation Fort James wurde von James Kipp gebaut und später in Fort Berthold umbenannt. Diese liegt inSouth Dakota, bei der Mündung des Little Missouri River in den Missouri-River, auf der Ostseite des Missouri | Mandan Hidatsa Arikara | - |
| 1848 - 1849 | Treaty of Fort Laramie 1851The discovery of gold in 1848 in California led to an immigration wave through the land of the Plains Indians. Also the ending of the disputes of the United States with England concerning the borders for the State of Oregon in 1846 were a reason for the long wagon trains along the Platte River to Oregon and California. The government expected rightly bloody conflicts with the Plains Indians and invited them therefore for a peace conference. The conference took place in 1851 at Fort Laramie. The government hoped for less attacks on the wagon trains because of the Treaty. | Lakota Crow Assiniboine Shoshone Cheyenne Arapaho Oglala (Lakota) Brule (Lakota) Arikara Hidatsa Mandan | Red Cloud |
| 1850 | The enemies of the Hunkpapa were in the west the Crows (along the Powder River) and in the north the Assiniboines (between the Missouri in the north and the confluence of the Yellowstone and Missouri in the west). On her way from the Minnesota-River to the west defeated the Lakota successively the Kiowa, Omaha, Ponca, Otos, Pawnee, Arikara, Mandan, Hidatsa, Assiniboine and Crows. The Hunkpapa looked at the Powder River as her western border. Till 1870 the Crows were pushed away further to the west, so that the western border extended for the Hunkpapas up to the Bighorn River. | Hunkpapa (Lakota) Kiowa Omaha Ponca Otoe Pawnee Arikara Mandan Hidatsa Assiniboine Crow | - |
| 17 September 1851 | Treaty of Fort Laramie 1851Nach Beendigung des Streitigkeiten mit England betreffend der Grenzlegung für den Staat Oregon 1846 sowie aufgrund der Goldfunde 1848 in Kalifornien begannen lange Wagentrecks entlang dem Platte River nach Oregon und Kalifornien zu ziehen. Die Regierung erhoffte sich durch diesen Vertrag weniger Angriffe auf die Wagentrecks. Im Vertrag wurde festgehalten, dass die Grossen Prärien das Eigentum der Indianer seien, solange'die Flüsse fliessen und die Adler fliegen'. Im Gegenzug wurde vereinbart, dass der Oregon Trail von den weissen Einwanderern passiert werden konnte. Dafür sollten die Indianer jährliche Zahlungen für die nächsten 50 Jahre in der Höhe von 50'000 US-Dollar erhalten. Der Vertrag erlaubte ebenfalls die Erstellung von Forts und Strassen im Territorium der Indianer. Der Senat ratifizierte den Vertrag 1853 mit einer Änderung : Die Zahlungen sollten nur 10 Jahre lang anhalten. Alle Stämme ausser die Crow akzeptierten. Viele Stämme erhielten die abgemachten jährlichen Zahlungen nie. In den nächsten 10 Jahren wurden entlang des Platte River eine Reihe von Forts gebaut. Dann kamen die Wagenkolonnen, die Postkutschen, dann die Pony-Express Reiter und dann die Telegrafenmasten. Dadurch wurde einerseits zuerst das Wild und dann auch der Bison Schritt für Schritt aus der Region vertrieben. 1858 wurde am Pike Peak Gold gefunden und die Einwanderungsströme wurden noch grösser. Der Vertrag von Fort Laramie 1851 ist auch als'Horse Creek Treaty' bekannt. Weil sich mehr als 10'000 Indianer mit mindestens ebensovielen Pferden zu den Vertragsverhandlungen einfanden, wurden die Verhandlungen an die Mündung des Horse Creek verlegt, etwa 30 Meilen östlich von Fort Laramie Im Vertrag wurde vereinbart, dass die Grossen Prärien das Eigentum der Indianer seien, solange'die Flüsse fliessen und die Adler fliegen'. Im Gegenzug wurde vereinbart, dass der Oregon Trail von den weissen Einwanderern passiert werden konnte. Dafür sollten die Indianer jährliche Zahlungen für die nächsten 50 Jahre in der Höhe von 50'000 US-Dollar erhalten. Der Vertrag erlaubte ebenfalls den Bau von Forts und Strassen im Territorium der Indianer. Der Senat ratifizierte den Vertrag 1853 mit einer Änderung : Die Zahlungen sollten nur 10 Jahre lang erfolgen. Alle Stämme ausser den Crows akzeptierten. Viele Stämme erhielten die abgemachten jährlichen Zahlungen nie. Entlang des Platte River wurden in den nächsten 10 Jahren viele Forts gebaut. Dann kamen die Wagenzüge, die Postkutschen, dann die Pony-Express Reiter und dann die Telegrafenmasten. Dadurch wurden das Wild und die Bisons aus der Region vertrieben. 1858 wurde beim Pike Peak südlich der Stadt Denver in Colorado Gold gefunden und die Einwanderungsströme wurden noch grösser. With the Treaty the tribes commited themselves not to lead any more war against each other. Besides, the Treaty firm borders set up for the tribes. One is supposed that the Indians hardly knew what they really signed. It was not conceivable that, for example, the Hunkpapa suddenly no more wars would lead against the Crow and Assiniboine. During the last centuries these traditions had anchored themselves too firmly in the life of the Indians. With the Treaty the tribal area of the Crow Indians of 144'000 km² decreased to possibly half of her original size. In the Treaty several payments were promised. However, the U.S. government made only one payment and broke with it the Treaty Die Assiniboine erhielten eine Reservation zwischen dem Musselshell-River und dem Yellowstone River | Oglala (Lakota) Crow Assiniboine Shoshone Brule (Lakota) Arapaho Gros Ventre Southern Cheyenne (Cheyenne) Brule (Lakota) Arikara Hidatsa Mandan Assiniboine Assiniboine | Big Robber Little Owl White Antelope Conquering Bear Iron Bear Four Bears White Wolf First Fly Crazy Bear |
| Winter 1862 | Little Crow War 1862Little Crow tried to win the Gros Ventres, Mandan and Arikara in the area of Fort Berthold for a war against the whites. With 200 warriors he approached the village of the Mandan. As with the Indians commonly if one wanted to make peace the warriors approached loud, dancing and with the guns shooting the village. However, the Mandan and Arikara started to shoot immediately at the warriors of Little Crow. These were furious because a short time ago their warriors were killed by other Sioux tribes. The Mdewakanton had to run around her life and lost many warriors. Little Crow moved with 100 warriors and their families in the Turtle Mountains and spent there the winter. In April, 1863 he moved in the area of Fort Garry in Manitoba in Canada. At the middle of June he moved with 16 warriors and with his son after the south to Minnesota to attack farms. | Mdewakanton-Santee (Dakota) Gros Ventre Mandan Arikara | Little Crow V |
| 1862 | The Arikara were struck in their village along the Beaver Creek in the North Dakota by the fourth smallpox epidemic. Now the Arikara had become too weak on account of many epidemics to defend itself against the steady attacks of the Lakota. Therefore, the Arikara left their village along the Beaver Creek and moved to the village Like-A-Fishhook to the Mandan and Hidatsa | Arikara Mandan Hidatsa | - |
| 27 July 1866 | Treaty of Fort Berthold 1866More and more settlers poured into the land of the Arikara, Mandan and Hidatsa. The U.S. government negotiated with the tree tribes an agreement with which to the Whites the rights-of-way were granted to the east of the Missouri. For it the tree tribes received 10 000$ annually during the next 20 years. This treaty was concluded at Fort Berthold. | Mandan Hidatsa Arikara | - |
| 1870 | On account of an Executive order of the U.S president the Fort Bertold Reservation was created for the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara | Mandan Hidatsa Arikara | - |
| May 1874 | Black Hills Expedition 1874 - Treaty between Mandan and Arikara 1874A delegation of Arikara, Mandan and Gros Ventre arrived at Washington for negotiations. The Arikara, Mandan and Hidatsa seeked shelter from the constant attacks of the Lakota. The arrangement was that the Arikara, Mandan and Hidatsa provided scouts for the army. As a countermove soldiers of the U.S. Army should protect 3 tribes against attacks of the Lakota. Already in July 1874 Arikara Native Americans would served as Scouts for Custer during his 1874 Black Hills Expedition | Arikara Arikara Mandan Mandan Mandan Gros Ventre | Son-of-the-star Bull Head Bad Gun Bald Eagle Shows-fear-in-the-face |
| 13 July 1880 | Executive Order of 1880On account of an Executive order of U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara of a large part of her land were robbed. The tribes lost a lot of land to the south and to the west of Fort Buford. As a compensation the tribes received land to the north of the Missouri River up to the Canadian border. The government needed the land for the construction of the Northern Pazific Railroad | Mandan Hidatsa Arikara | - |
| 1888 | The village of the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara, Like-a-fishhook, was practically deserted because the Native Americans were encouraged to settle down themselves in other areas within the Reservation. Only few older people remained in the village | Mandan Hidatsa Arikara | - |
| 1953 | Garrison Dam (583 MW) in Nord-Dakota was put into operation. With it many important areas of the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara were flooded The dam destroyed the traditional way of life of the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara completely | Mandan Hidatsa Arikara | - |
| 16 July 1993 | Das neue Casino'4 Bears' der Three Affiliated Tribes'' (Mandan, Hidatsa und Arikara' wurde westlich der Ortschaft New Town eröffnet. | Mandan Hidatsa Arikara | - |